Henry Handel Richardson: Her last novel, The Young Cosima (1939), is a reconstruction of the love triangle of Richard Wagner, Cosima Liszt, and Hans von Bülow. She also wrote a number of short stories, published as The End of a Childhood and Other Stories (1934), and an unfinished autobiography, Myself When…

Austria: Political realignment: …to radical demands, the nationalistic Young Czechs were able to gain support from the electorate. In 1890 Taaffe tried to negotiate an agreement between the Old Czechs and the German liberals, whereby Bohemia would be divided for administrative and judicial purposes along lines of nationality, but he was balked by…

Garry Marshall: Films: Pretty Woman and The Princess Diaries: …made his directorial debut with Young Doctors in Love (1982). In 1984 he directed and cowrote The Flamingo Kid, about a middle-class teenager (Matt Dillon) working at an upscale beach club. The movie was a hit, and it was followed two years later by Nothing in Common, which starred Tom…

Phil Karlson: Later films: …to explore new genres with The Young Doctors (1961), a medical soap opera based on a popular novel by Arthur Hailey; it starred Fredric March, Ben Gazzara, Dick Clark, and George Segal (in his screen debut). Next came Kid Galahad (1962), an Elvis Presley

Benjamin Disraeli: Breach with Peel: …group of young Tories, nicknamed Young England, and led by George Smythe (later Lord Stangford), looked to Disraeli for inspiration, and he obliged them, notably in his novel Coningsby; or, The New Generation (1844), in which the hero is patterned on Smythe, and the cool, pragmatic, humdrum, middle-class Conservatism that…

liquid: Surface tension: …solid-air interfaces is called the Young equation after British scientist Thomas Young.

Finnish literature: Literature in Finnish: …known as Nuori Suomi (Young Finland), who founded the paper Päivälehti (from 1904 Helsingin Sanomat). Among the group’s members were Juhani Aho, a master of the lyrical nature novel, and Arvid Järnefelt. Rautatie (1884; “The Railroad”), Aho’s first novel, is generally regarded as the most important work of fiction…

Mel Brooks: Films of the 1970s: …films of the 1930s titled Young Frankenstein (1974), which earned Brooks and the film’s star and cowriter, Wilder, an Academy Award nomination for best screenplay. Young Frankenstein was more carefully structured than Blazing Saddles, and its elegant black-and-white cinematography replicated the look of the 1935 Bride of Frankenstein. Brooks reined…

Sutton Foster: …ditzy lab assistant Inga in Young Frankenstein (2007) and the feisty Princess Fiona in Shrek the Musical (2008). For the latter role, she received her fourth Tony nomination.

Frisian literature: …1915 Douwe Kalma launched the Young Frisian Movement, which challenged younger writers to break radically with the provincialism and didacticism of past Frisian literature. This break had been anticipated in the lyrical poetry and fiction of Simke Kloosterman and in the psychological narratives of Reinder Brolsma. Kalma himself made important…

fustic: The dye termed young fustic (zante fustic, or Venetian sumac) is derived from the wood of the smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria, or Rhus cotinus), a southern European and Asian shrub of the cashew family, Anacardiaceae. Both old and new fustic have been displaced from commercial importance by synthetic…

Young Germany, a social reform and literary movement in 19th-century Germany (about 1830–50), influenced by French revolutionary ideas, which was opposed to the extreme forms of Romanticism and nationalism then current. The name was first used in Ludolf Wienbarg’s Ästhetische Feldzüge (“Aesthetic

Catherine Deneuve: …Les Demoiselles de Rochefort (1967; The Young Girls of Rochefort).

Young Goodman Brown, allegorical short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1835 in New England Magazine and collected in Mosses from an Old Manse (1846). Considered an outstanding tale of witchcraft, it concerns a young Puritan who ventures into the forest to meet with a stranger. It soon

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Fadeyev: 1951; The Young Guard), dealing with youthful guerrilla fighters in German-occupied Ukraine. It was at first highly praised but was later denounced for omitting the role played by party members in the Resistance, and Fadeyev rewrote it. The extent to which Fadeyev was responsible for the…

12 Essential Brat Pack Flicks: Young Guns (1988) and Young Guns II (1990): “Six Reasons Why the West Was Wild” was the tagline for the first of these two westerns, starring Estevez, Sheen, Sutherland, Lou Diamond Phillips, Dermot Mulroney, and Casey Siemaszko. Estevez leads both films in the role of…

12 Essential Brat Pack Flicks: Young Guns (1988) and Young Guns II (1990): “Six Reasons Why the West Was Wild” was the tagline for the first of these two westerns, starring Estevez, Sheen, Sutherland, Lou Diamond Phillips, Dermot Mulroney, and Casey Siemaszko. Estevez leads both films in the role of legendary outlaw Billy the…

Friedrich Engels: Early life: … as expounded by the “Young Hegelians,” a group of leftist intellectuals, including the theologian and historian Bruno Bauer and the anarchist Max Stirner. They accepted the Hegelian dialectic—basically that rational progress and historical change result from the conflict of opposing views, ending in a new synthesis. The Young Hegelians…

Franklin Pierce was the 14th president of the United States (1853–57). He failed to deal effectively with the corroding sectional controversy over slavery in the decade preceding the American Civil War (1861–65). The son of a governor of New Hampshire, Benjamin Pierce, and the former Anna Kendrick,

George Lucas: The growth of Lucasfilm: Lucas created the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–93), about the adventures of Jones as a child and teenager in the early 20th century. The series was not a ratings success, but it allowed Lucas and ILM to experiment with new techniques in special effects. In 1997 he…

Young Ireland, Irish nationalist movement of the 1840s. Begun by a group of Irish intellectuals who founded and wrote for the Nation, the movement advocated the study of Irish history and the revival of the Irish (Gaelic) language as a means of developing Irish nationalism and achieving

Young Italy, movement founded by Giuseppe Mazzini in 1831 to work for a united, republican Italian nation. Attracting many Italians to the cause of independence, it played an important role in the Risorgimento (struggle for Italian unification). Mazzini, in exile at Marseille for his revolutionary

Albrecht Dürer: Second journey to Italy of Albrecht Dürer: …compressed half-length composition of the Young Jesus with the Doctors of 1506, harks back to Bellini’s free adaptation of Mantegna’s Presentation in the Temple. Dürer’s work is a virtuoso performance that shows mastery and close attention to detail. In the painting the inscription on the scrap of paper out of…

Joseph and His Brothers, series of four novels by Thomas Mann that formed an epic bildungsroman about the biblical figure Joseph. Known collectively in German as Joseph und seine Brüder, the tetralogy consists of Die Geschichten Jaakobs (1933; U.K. title The Tales of Jacob; U.S. title Joseph and

Danica McKellar: …in the animated TV series Young Justice (2010–13, 2019).

Turkey: The ascendancy of the right, 1961–71: …secret society within the army—the Young Kemalists—were arrested in April 1963. Criticism of the 1960 revolution was made illegal in 1962; army leaders contented themselves with occasional warnings against too rapid a rehabilitation of the Democrats. This peaceful political evolution can be ascribed partly to İnönü, who used his personal…

Kenya: Political movements: …the first one being the Young Kikuyu Association (later the East African Association), established in 1921, with Harry Thuku as its first president. The group, which received most of its support from young men and was not supported by most of the older chiefs, demanded African representation in the legislature…

Mills College, private liberal arts institution of higher education for women in Oakland, California, U.S. Men may study in the graduate-level programs. Mills College offers more than 30 undergraduate majors in English and foreign literatures, languages, and cultures; ethnic and women’s studies;

Caleb Bingham: The Young Lady’s Accidence; or, A Short and Easy Introduction to English Grammar, prepared for use in his private girls’ school, went through 20 editions and sold 100,000 copies. It was the second English grammar published in the United States. Among his other textbooks were An…

Television in the United States: The new cultural landscape: …Bold Ones (NBC, 1969–73), and The Young Lawyers (ABC, 1970–71) injected timely social issues into traditional genres featuring doctors, lawyers, and the police. In another development, 60 Minutes (CBS, begun 1968) fashioned the modern newsmagazine into a prime-time feature.

The Young Lions, American war film, released in 1958, that examines how World War II affects the lives of three disparate young soldiers. One of the movie’s central characters is Christian Diestl (played by Marlon Brando), an idealistic young German who willingly joins the military because of his

American literature: Realism and metafiction: (1948) and Irwin Shaw’s The Young Lions (1948) were realistic war novels, though Mailer’s book was also a novel of ideas, exploring fascist thinking and an obsession with power as elements of the military mind. James Jones, amassing a staggering quantity of closely observed detail, documented the war’s human…

Studs Lonigan: The trilogy consists of Young Lonigan: A Boyhood in Chicago Streets (1932), The Young Manhood of Studs Lonigan (1934), and Judgment Day (1935).

Young Lords, street gang formed by Puerto Ricans in Chicago that evolved into a diverse revolutionary civil rights group active during the 1960s and ’70s. Its platform included Puerto Rican independence, freedom of political prisoners, and withdrawal of military troops from Puerto Rico, Vietnam,

Ida Lupino: Directing: …her official directing debut with Never Fear (1949; also known as The Young Lovers), a low-budget drama in which Not Wanted star Sally Forrest played a young dancer stricken with polio. With that film Lupino became Hollywood’s first credited female director since the retirement of Dorothy Arzner in 1943. In…

Andry Rajoelina: Entry into politics and clash with Marc Ravalomanana: …his Tanora malaGasy Vonona (TGV; Young Malagasies Determined) party; the party’s acronym came to be used as a nickname for the fast-paced Rajoelina—a nod to France’s high-speed train, the TGV. He won the election, held on December 12, taking about 63 percent of the vote, and was sworn in shortly…

Erik Erikson: In Young Man Luther (1958), Erikson combined his interest in history and psychoanalytic theory to examine how Martin Luther was able to break with the existing religious establishment to create a new way of looking at the world. Gandhi’s Truth on the Origins of Militant Nonviolence…

Bix Beiderbecke: …Man with a Horn (1938; film 1950), a novel inspired by (but not based on) Beiderbecke’s life. His compositions include several short piano pieces, most notably “In a Mist,” written in an advanced, chromatic harmonic language that showed the influence of such French Impressionist composers as Maurice Ravel and Claude…

Titian: Early life and works: …young Venetian aristocrat in the Young Man with Cap and Gloves led modern critics to attribute this and similar portraits to Titian.

Studs Lonigan: …Boyhood in Chicago Streets (1932), The Young Manhood of Studs Lonigan (1934), and Judgment Day (1935).

Young Māori Party, association of educated Westernized Māori of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, dedicated to bringing about a degree of cultural assimilation of the Māori nation to the dominant Pākehā (white European) culture of New Zealand. The party was organized in the 1890s by a number

Zhang Xueliang was a Chinese warlord who, together with Yang Hucheng, in the Xi’an Incident (1936), compelled the Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) to form a wartime alliance with the Chinese communists against Japan. Zhang Xueliang was the oldest son of the warlord Zhang Zuolin,

Stuart Cloete: …poems, collected in a volume, The Young Men and the Old (1941), and a collection of biographies, African Portraits (1946). His autobiography, A Victorian Son, appeared in 1972.

Young Men’s and Young Women’s Hebrew Association (YM–YWHA), Jewish community organization in various countries that provides a wide range of cultural, educational, recreational, and social activities for all age groups in Jewish communities. The goals of the YM–YWHA are to prepare the young for

Myanmar: The emergence of nationalism: In 1906 they founded the Young Men’s Buddhist Association (YMBA) and through it began establishing a number of schools supported by private donations and government grants-in-aid (the YMBA was not antigovernment). Three years later the British, attempting to pacify the Indian National Congress (a broadly based and increasingly nationalist political…

YMCA, nonsectarian, nonpolitical Christian lay movement that aims to develop high standards of Christian character through group activities and citizenship training. It originated in London in 1844, when 12 young men, led by George Williams, an employee in, and subsequently the head of, a drapery

basketball: …Association (YMCA) Training School (now Springfield College), Springfield, Massachusetts, where Naismith was an instructor in physical education.

Young’s modulus, numerical constant, named for the 18th-century English physician and physicist Thomas Young, that describes the elastic properties of a solid undergoing tension or compression in only one direction, as in the case of a metal rod that after being stretched or compressed lengthwise

Bessie Potter Vonnoh: …after her trip to Paris—A Young Mother (1896), a bronze tabletop sculpture of a mother cradling an infant in her arms. About that time the Art Institute of Chicago acquired several of her sculptures, the first sculptures by a woman in its collection.

History of film: The Hollywood studio system: …mythic works as Stagecoach (1939), Young Mr. Lincoln (1939), The Grapes of Wrath (1940), My Darling Clementine (1946), and She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949); Howard Hawks, a master of genres and the architect of a tough, functional “American” style of narrative exemplified in his films Scarface (1932), Twentieth

Young New Zealand Party, parliamentary group that became most palpable as a vigorous faction within the parliamentary opposition to the Conservative government of Harry Albert Atkinson (1887–90) and that provided the Liberal Party with many of its future major figures. Prominent in the party were

Ben Elton: Early life and career in television and film: the popular slapstick sitcom The Young Ones (1982–84). Elton joined Richard Curtis to write the iconic BBC period sitcom series Blackadder (1983–89), starring Rowan Atkinson, for its second series (Blackadder II, 1986). He continued with the project for two more series after that and won a BAFTA award for…

Young Ottomans, secret Turkish nationalist organization formed in Istanbul in June 1865. A forerunner of other Turkish nationalist groups (see Young Turks), the Young Ottomans favoured converting the Turkish-dominated multinational Ottoman Empire into a more purely Turkish state and called for the

The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra, composition for orchestra by British composer Benjamin Britten. The work was written at the request of the British Ministry of Education for use in the short educational film Instruments of the Orchestra (1946). Its concert premiere was given in Liverpool,

The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra, composition for orchestra by British composer Benjamin Britten. The work was written at the request of the British Ministry of Education for use in the short educational film Instruments of the Orchestra (1946). Its concert premiere was given in Liverpool,

Paul Newman: First films: …the decade with the melodrama The Young Philadelphians (1959), in which he played a manipulative attorney.

Young Plan, (1929), second renegotiation of Germany’s World War I reparation payments. A new committee, chaired by the American Owen D. Young, met in Paris on Feb. 11, 1929, to revise the Dawes Plan of 1924. Its report (June 7, 1929), accepted with minor changes, went into effect on Sept. 1, 1930.

Gwendolyn Brooks: Later work and legacy: …include Primer for Blacks (1980), Young Poet’s Primer (1980), To Disembark (1981), The Near-Johannesburg Boy, and Other Poems (1986), Blacks (1987), Winnie (1988), and Children Coming Home (1991).

Young Poland movement, diverse group of early 20th-century Neoromantic writers brought together in reaction against Naturalism and Positivism. Inspired by Polish Romantic writers and also by contemporary western European trends such as Symbolism, they sought to revive the unfettered expression of

Karol Szymanowski: …Berlin, where he organized the Young Polish Composers’ Publishing Co. (1905–12) to publish new works by his countrymen. His compositions from this period, which include the opera Hagith (1913), show the influence of Strauss, Wagner, and Scriabin.

Diane Keaton: …playing a nun in HBO’s The Young Pope (2016). She later starred in the romantic comedies Hampstead (2017), Book Club (2018), and Love, Weddings & Other Disasters (2020). In Poms (2019) she played a terminally ill woman who forms a cheerleading squad in her retirement community. The dramedy Mack &…

the Rascals, American pop group who, along with the Righteous Brothers, were the preeminent practitioners in the 1960s of blue-eyed soul (music created by white recording artists who faithfully imitated soul music). The Rascals’ music was an eclectic mix of influences and styles, including soul,

Dwayne Johnson: Acting: He later appeared in Young Rock (2021–23), a comedy series about his life.

William Henry West Betty was an English actor who won instant success as a child prodigy. Betty’s debut was in Belfast, before he was 12, in an English version of Voltaire’s Zaïre. He was successful in Dublin, Glasgow, and Edinburgh. In 1804, when he first appeared at Covent Garden, London, troops

John Frankenheimer: Films of the 1960s: …made his second feature film, The Young Savages. It was an overheated but often potent courtroom drama that starred Burt Lancaster—in the first of five movies he made with the director—as a crusading district attorney who risks his career to exonerate Spanish Harlem gang members accused of killing a blind…

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing: Education and first dramatic works.: …1748 successfully produced his comedy Der junge Gelehrte (“The Young Scholar”). The play is a delightful satire on an arrogant, superficial, vain, and easily offended scholar, a figure through which Lessing mocked his own bookishness. The other comedies belonging to this Leipzig period of 1747–49 (Damon, Die alte Jungfer [“The…

Chuck Lorre: Smash success as a producer: Two and a Half Men and The Big Bang Theory: Young Sheldon, a spin-off series exploring Parsons’s character’s childhood, was created by Lorre in 2017 and ran until 2024.

John Frankenheimer: Early work: …into his first feature film, The Young Stranger (1957). It starred James MacArthur as a troubled teenager whose wealthy father (James Daly) pays little attention to him. Although the movie was well received by critics, Frankenheimer chose to return to television, where his work was noteworthy for its then-inventive camera…

Thomas Morris, Jr. was a Scottish golfer who, like his father, Thomas Morris, won the Open Championship (British Open) tournament four times. Morris entered his first golf tournament at age 13 and won his first Open Championship in 1868 at age 17, becoming the youngest winner of the event. Noted

Volker Schlöndorff: …feature, Der junge Törless (1966; Young Törless), an adaptation of the Robert Musil novella Die Verwirrungen des Zöglings Törless, earned him instant recognition. This study of a sensitive boy in a brutal German military academy exhibited the cool, straightforward directorial style that would come to distinguish Schlöndorff from his more…

Young Tunisians, political party formed in 1907 by young French-educated Tunisian intellectuals in opposition to the French protectorate established in 1881. The party, headed by Ali Bash Hamba and Bashir Sfar, demanded complete Tunisian control of the government and administration of the country

Young Turk Revolution, (July 3–23, 1908), revolt against the autocracy of the Ottoman sultan Abdülhamid II inspired by the Young Turk movement. The revolt, which was led by members of the III Army Corps in the region of Macedonia, resulted in the restoration of a constitutional government on July

Young Turks, coalition of various reform groups that led a revolutionary movement against the authoritarian regime of Ottoman sultan Abdülhamid II, which culminated in the establishment of a constitutional government. After their rise to power, the Young Turks introduced programs that promoted the

Philadelphia: The 20th century: …a group known as the Young Turks and influenced by the nationwide New Deal of the Democratic Party began to agitate for charter reform and a city planning commission; the Democrats would eventually dominate politics in the city and most mayors in the second half of the 20th century were…

yuppie, term used most frequently in the 1980s and ’90s to describe college-educated young professionals. Yuppie is short for “young urban professional” or “young upwardly mobile professional.” These individuals were typically of the American baby boomer generation (those born between 1946 and

yuppie, term used most frequently in the 1980s and ’90s to describe college-educated young professionals. Yuppie is short for “young urban professional” or “young upwardly mobile professional.” These individuals were typically of the American baby boomer generation (those born between 1946 and

Old Vic: …Old Vic School and the Young Vic, a company that performed for children, were established and housed in the Old Vic theatre. The company returned to its repaired original home in 1950, but the lack of space and adequate funds caused the school and the Young Vic to close in…

Emily Blunt: Breakthrough films: The Devil Wears Prada, Young Victoria, and Sicario: …turn as Queen Victoria in The Young Victoria proved her ability to anchor a film.

Johannes Vermeer: Themes: In paintings such as Young Woman with a Water Pitcher (c. 1662), Woman with a Pearl Necklace (c. 1662/65), and Woman in Blue Reading a Letter (c. 1663; also called Woman in Blue Reading a Letter), he utilized the laws of perspective and the placement of individual objects—chairs, tables,…

Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA), nonsectarian Christian organization that aims “to advance the physical, social, intellectual, moral, and spiritual interests of young women.” The recreational, educational, and spiritual aspects of its program are symbolized in its insignia, a blue

Jimmy Wilde: …fought the American flyweight champion, Young Zulu Kid (Giuseppe Di Melfi), on Dec. 18, 1916. With his 11th-round knockout, Wilde became the first world flyweight champion, a title that he held until he was knocked out in the seventh round by Pancho Villa of the Philippines on June 18, 1923.…

Young’s experiment, classical investigation into the nature of light, an investigation that provided the basic element in the development of the wave theory and was first performed by the English physicist and physician Thomas Young in 1801. In this experiment, Young identified the phenomenon

Young’s experiment, classical investigation into the nature of light, an investigation that provided the basic element in the development of the wave theory and was first performed by the English physicist and physician Thomas Young in 1801. In this experiment, Young identified the phenomenon

Young’s modulus, numerical constant, named for the 18th-century English physician and physicist Thomas Young, that describes the elastic properties of a solid undergoing tension or compression in only one direction, as in the case of a metal rod that after being stretched or compressed lengthwise

Dr. Dre is an American rapper, hip-hop producer, and entrepreneur who helped popularize the gangsta rap subgenre. Born to teenaged parents who aspired to singing careers, André Young took the stage name Dr. Dre in the early 1980s. He performed as a hip-hop deejay and as part of the group World

Andrew Young is an American politician, civil rights leader, and clergyman who served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1973–77) and later was mayor of Atlanta (1982–90). Young was reared in a middle-class black family, attended segregated Southern schools, and later entered Howard University

Andrew Young is an American politician, civil rights leader, and clergyman who served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1973–77) and later was mayor of Atlanta (1982–90). Young was reared in a middle-class black family, attended segregated Southern schools, and later entered Howard University

AC/DC: The principal members were Angus Young (b. March 31, 1955, Glasgow, Scotland), Malcolm Young (b. January 6, 1953, Glasgow—d. November 18, 2017, Sydney, Australia), Bon Scott (original name Ronald Belford Scott; b. July 9, 1946, Kirriemuir, Angus, Scotland—d. February 21, 1980, London, England), Brian Johnson (b. October 5, 1947,…

Art Young was a satiric American cartoonist and crusader whose cartoons expressed his human warmth as well as his indignation at injustice. In 1884 Young moved to Chicago, where he studied art and supported himself by drawing newspaper cartoons. Later he also studied art in New York City and Paris.

Arthur Young was a prolific English writer on agriculture, politics, and economics. Besides his books on agricultural subjects, he was the author of the famous Travels in France (or Travels During the Years 1787, 1788 and 1789, Undertaken More Particularly with a View of Ascertaining the

Art Young was a satiric American cartoonist and crusader whose cartoons expressed his human warmth as well as his indignation at injustice. In 1884 Young moved to Chicago, where he studied art and supported himself by drawing newspaper cartoons. Later he also studied art in New York City and Paris.

Brigham Young was an American religious leader, second president of the Mormon church, and colonizer who significantly influenced the development of the American West. A carpenter, joiner, painter, and glazier, Young settled in 1829 at Mendon, New York, near where the Book of Mormon was published

Charles Augustus Young was an American astronomer who made the first observations of the flash spectrum of the Sun, during the solar eclipses of 1869 and 1870. He studied the Sun extensively, particularly with the spectroscope, and wrote several important books on astronomy, of which the best known

Chic Young was a U.S. cartoonist who created the comic strip “Blondie,” which, by the 1960s, was syndicated in more than 1,500 newspapers throughout the world. Young was born into an artistic family and worked at several jobs, including one as a stenographer in a railroad office, for a number of

Coleman Young was an American politician, who was the first African American mayor of Detroit, Michigan (1974–93). In 1923 Young moved with his family from the South to Detroit. Unable to obtain a scholarship to attend college, he began working on an assembly line at the Ford Motor Company, where

Coleman Young was an American politician, who was the first African American mayor of Detroit, Michigan (1974–93). In 1923 Young moved with his family from the South to Detroit. Unable to obtain a scholarship to attend college, he began working on an assembly line at the Ford Motor Company, where

Ida Lupino: Directing: With her second husband, Collier Young (her first husband was actor Louis Hayward), Lupino founded a production company in 1949 and began writing scripts, tackling such controversial topics as rape, illegitimacy, and bigamy. Their first project was the unwed-mother drama Not Wanted (1949), which Lupino produced and coscripted with…

Cy Young was an American professional baseball player, winner of more major league games (511) than any other pitcher. Young grew up on a farm, and his formal education ended in sixth grade so he could help his family with their daily farming duties. He began playing baseball at this time and

Cy Young was an American professional baseball player, winner of more major league games (511) than any other pitcher. Young grew up on a farm, and his formal education ended in sixth grade so he could help his family with their daily farming duties. He began playing baseball at this time and

Edward Young was an English poet, dramatist, and literary critic, author of The Complaint: or, Night Thoughts (1742–45), a long, didactic poem on death. The poem was inspired by the successive deaths of his stepdaughter, in 1736; her husband, in 1740; and Young’s wife, in 1741. The poem is a