yuga, in Hindu cosmology, an age of humankind. Each yuga is progressively shorter than the preceding one, corresponding to a decline in the moral and physical state of humanity. Four such yugas (called Krita, Treta, Dvapara, and Kali, after the throws of an Indian game of dice) make up the mahayuga

Ugadi, Hindu festival celebrating the new year in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Karnataka. In Maharashtra and Goa states it is known as Gudi Padwa. Ugadi is celebrated on the first day of the Hindu month of Chaitra (March–April) following the South Indian Amavasyant calendar,

Japan: The Yamato polity: …the court, such as the yugei, the quiver bearers, who were attached to the Ōtomo clan, a major military support group for the Yamato ruling house.

Amiri Baraka: …founded (1958) the poetry magazine Yugen, which published the work of Beat writers such as Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac; he edited the publication with his wife, Hettie Cohen. He began writing under the name LeRoi Jones in the late 1950s and produced his first major collection of poetry, Preface…

Zeami: …or the representational aspect, and yūgen, the symbolic aspect and spiritual core of the Noh, which took precedence and which became the touchstone of excellence in the Noh. Zeami wrote, “The essence of yūgen is true beauty and gentleness,” but not mere outward beauty: it had to suggest behind the…

Ket language: …a moribund close relative called Yug [Yugh], or Sym, is sometimes considered a dialect of Ket.)

Yiddish literature: The 21st century: …in the New York journal Yugntruf were Hershl Glasser, Shmoyl Nydorf, Avrom Rosenblatt, Gitl Schaechter, Yermiahu Aaron Taub, and Sheva Zucker. Since the 1970s, this journal had sponsored a shraybkrayz (Yiddish writers’ circle). Yiddish culture clubs around the United States supported the publication of books by poets such as Sarah…

Native American art: Mexico and Middle America: …protective device—worn together with the yugo, or yoke, and the hacha, or axe—used in tlachtli, the ceremonial ball game. Tlachtli was not unlike modern football (soccer); the object was to propel a gutta-percha ball through the air without touching it with the hands; if it went through a small hole…

Serbia: Transportation: Yugoslav Air Transport, the country’s principal airline, maintained links with the rest of Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, North America, and Australia.

Chetnik, member of a Serbian nationalist guerrilla force that formed during World War II to resist the Axis invaders and Croatian collaborators but that primarily fought a civil war against the Yugoslav communist guerrillas, the Partisans. After the surrender of the Yugoslav royal army in April

Serbia: The Corfu Declaration: …had set up a “Yugoslav Committee.” Aided by sympathetic British intellectuals, the committee had worked to improve the position of South Slavs within the Monarchy in any postwar settlement. One of the most important achievements of the committee was its discovery of the Treaty of London—a secret document drawn…

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Security: The Yugoslav People’s Army was designed to repel invasion, and, as part of its strategy, it used the geographically central republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina as a storehouse for armaments and as the site of most military production. Bosnian Serb forces, aided by the Yugoslav People’s…

North Macedonia, landlocked country of the south-central Balkans. It is bordered to the north by Kosovo and Serbia, to the east by Bulgaria, to the south by Greece, and to the west by Albania. The capital is Skopje. The Republic of North Macedonia is located in the northern part of the area

Serbia, landlocked country in the west-central Balkans. For most of the 20th century, it was a part of Yugoslavia. The capital of Serbia is Belgrade (Beograd), a cosmopolitan city at the confluence of the Danube and Sava rivers; Stari Grad, Belgrade’s old town, is dominated by an ancient fortress

Yugoslavia, former federated country that was situated in the west-central part of the Balkan Peninsula. This article briefly examines the history of Yugoslavia from 1929 until 2003, when it became the federated union of Serbia and Montenegro (which further separated into its component parts in

Slovenia, country in central Europe that was part of Yugoslavia for most of the 20th century. Slovenia is a small but topographically diverse country made up of portions of four major European geographic landscapes—the European Alps, the karstic Dinaric Alps, the Pannonian and Danubian lowlands and

Croatia, country located in the northwestern part of the Balkan Peninsula. It is a small yet highly geographically diverse crescent-shaped country. Its capital is Zagreb, located in the north. The present-day republic is composed of the historically Croatian regions of Croatia-Slavonia (located in

Bosnia and Herzegovina, country situated in the western Balkan Peninsula of Europe. The larger region of Bosnia occupies the northern and central parts of the country, and Herzegovina occupies the south and southwest. These historical regions do not correspond with the two autonomous political

Yugoslavia, former federated country that was situated in the west-central part of the Balkan Peninsula. This article briefly examines the history of Yugoslavia from 1929 until 2003, when it became the federated union of Serbia and Montenegro (which further separated into its component parts in

Yugoslavia, former federated country that was situated in the west-central part of the Balkan Peninsula. This article briefly examines the history of Yugoslavia from 1929 until 2003, when it became the federated union of Serbia and Montenegro (which further separated into its component parts in

Kosovo: Kosovo in Yugoslavia: Serbia, which had won independence from the Ottoman Empire early in the 19th century, regained control of Kosovo in 1912, following the First Balkan War, but lost it again in 1915, during World War I. An occupation divided between Austria-Hungary and

horizontally striped blue-white-red national flag. Its width-to-length ratio is 1 to 2.In 1699 Tsar Peter I (the Great) of Russia selected a new flag for his country as part of his modernization campaign. Consisting of equal horizontal stripes of white, blue, and red, it was adapted from the

Yugoslavia, former federated country that was situated in the west-central part of the Balkan Peninsula. This article briefly examines the history of Yugoslavia from 1929 until 2003, when it became the federated union of Serbia and Montenegro (which further separated into its component parts in

Yugoslavia, former federated country that was situated in the west-central part of the Balkan Peninsula. This article briefly examines the history of Yugoslavia from 1929 until 2003, when it became the federated union of Serbia and Montenegro (which further separated into its component parts in

Croatia: Croatian national revival: …the 1860s under the name Yugoslavism. The Yugoslavists, under the patronage of Bishop Josip Juraj Štrossmajer (Joseph George Strossmayer), advocated South Slav unity within a federated Habsburg state as the basis for an independent Balkan state. Croatian separatism and South Slav cooperation (Yugoslavism) thus became the two alternatives that would…

Fujisawa: …is the site of the Shojoko Temple (Yugyo Temple; 1325), the main temple of the Ji (“Times”) sect of Pure Land Buddhism. Pop. (2010) 409,657; (2015) 423,894.

encyclopaedia: China: …of all Chinese encyclopaedias, the Yuhai (“Sea of Jade”), was compiled about 1267 by the renowned Song scholar Wang Yinglin (1223–92) and was reprinted in 240 volumes in 1738.

astronaut, designation, derived from the Greek words for “star” and “sailor,” commonly applied to an individual who has flown in outer space. More specifically, in the West, astronaut refers to those from the United States, Canada, Europe, and Japan who travel into space. Those Soviet and later

Tariq Aziz was an Iraqi public official who served as foreign minister (1983–91) and deputy prime minister (1979–2003) in the Baʿathist government of Saddam Hussein. Tariq Aziz was born Mīkhāʾīl Yūḥannā to a Chaldean Catholic family in northern Iraq. He studied English at Baghdad University and

Nanjing: City layout: To the south is Yuhuatai (“Terrace of the Rain of Flowers”) district, noted for its five-colour pebbles and a communist martyrs’ memorial. To the northwest is Pukou, long a river port on the northern bank of the Yangtze and now also a rapidly developing industrial centre. Some other scenic…

Yudi, in Chinese religion, the most revered and popular of Chinese Daoist deities. In the official Daoist pantheon, he is an impassive sage-deity, but he is popularly viewed as a celestial sovereign who guides human affairs and rules an enormous heavenly bureaucracy analogous to the Chinese Empire.

Yudi, in Chinese religion, the most revered and popular of Chinese Daoist deities. In the official Daoist pantheon, he is an impassive sage-deity, but he is popularly viewed as a celestial sovereign who guides human affairs and rules an enormous heavenly bureaucracy analogous to the Chinese Empire.

Yui Shōsetsu was a Japanese rebel whose attempted coup d’état against the Tokugawa shogunate led to increased efforts by the government to redirect the military ethos of the samurai (warrior) class toward administrative matters. A famous military teacher in the Japanese capital of Edo (now Tokyo),

Yoshida Shintō, school of Shintō that upheld Shintō as a basic faith while teaching its unity with Buddhism and Confucianism. Yoshida Shintō took its name from its founder, Yoshida Kanetomo (1435–1511), who systematized teaching that had been transmitted by generations of the Yoshida family.

Bunsei: …of the semilegendary Indian sage Vimalakīrti, who is called Yuima Koji by the Japanese (1457; in the Yamato Bunkakan in Nara); and a boldly executed ink drawing of the legendary three monks from a Buddhist tale, “The Laughers of Tiger Valley.” From the late 17th century until the second half…

Okuni: The popularity of onna (“women’s”) Kabuki remained high until women’s participation was officially banned in 1629 by the shogun (military ruler) Tokugawa Iemitsu, who thought that the sensuality of the dances had a deleterious effect on public morality. Not only were the dances considered suggestive, but the dancers…

Yupik language, the western division of the Eskimo languages, spoken in southwestern Alaska and in

Yukaghir, remnant of an ancient human population of the tundra and taiga zones of Arctic Siberia east of the Lena River in Russia, an area with one of the most severe climates in the inhabited world. Brought close to extinction by privation, encroachment, and diseases introduced by other groups,

Vladimir Ilich Jochelson: He wrote The Yukaghir and the Yukaghirized Tungus (1926) and Peoples of Asiatic Russia (1928).

Yukaghir language, language spoken by not more than a few hundred persons in the Kolyma River region of Sakha (Yakutiya) republic of Russia. Yukaghir was traditionally grouped in the catchall category of Paleo-Siberian languages with a number of languages that are not genetically related or

Yukaghir, remnant of an ancient human population of the tundra and taiga zones of Arctic Siberia east of the Lena River in Russia, an area with one of the most severe climates in the inhabited world. Brought close to extinction by privation, encroachment, and diseases introduced by other groups,

Yukaghir language, language spoken by not more than a few hundred persons in the Kolyma River region of Sakha (Yakutiya) republic of Russia. Yukaghir was traditionally grouped in the catchall category of Paleo-Siberian languages with a number of languages that are not genetically related or

yukata, comfortable cotton kimono decorated with stencil-dyed patterns usually in shades of indigo, worn by Japanese men and women. The yukata was originally designed as a nightgown and for wear in the home after a bath. It has become accepted practice to wear a yukata on the street on warm summer

Yukawa Hideki was a Japanese physicist and recipient of the 1949 Nobel Prize for Physics for research on the theory of elementary particles. Yukawa graduated from Kyōto Imperial University (now Kyōto University) in 1929 and became a lecturer there; in 1933 he moved to Ōsaka Imperial University (now

subatomic particle: The nuclear binding force: …bold step: he invented a new particle as the carrier of the nuclear binding force.

Yuki, four groups of North American Indians who lived in the Coast Ranges and along the coast of what is now northwestern California, U.S. They spoke distinctive languages that are unaffiliated with any other known language. The four Yuki groups were the Yuki-proper, who lived along the upper

Yuki: …four Yuki groups were the Yuki-proper, who lived along the upper reaches of the Eel River and its tributaries; the Huchnom of Redwood Valley to the west; the Coast Yuki, who were distributed farther westward along the redwood coast; and the Wappo, who occupied an enclave among the Pomo, some…

Snow Country, short novel by Kawabata Yasunari, published in Japanese in 1948 as Yukiguni. The work was begun in 1935 and completed in 1937, with a final version completed in 1947. It deals with psychological, social, and erotic interaction between an aesthete and a beautiful geisha and is set

Mishima Yukio: The short story “Yukoku” (“Patriotism”) from the collection Death in Midsummer, and Other Stories (1966) revealed Mishima’s own political views and proved prophetic of his own end. The story describes, with obvious admiration, a young army officer who commits seppuku, or ritual disembowelment, to demonstrate his loyalty to the…

Yukon, territory of northwestern Canada, an area of rugged mountains and high plateaus. It is bounded by the Northwest Territories to the east, by British Columbia to the south, and by the U.S. state of Alaska to the west, and it extends northward above the Arctic Circle to the Beaufort Sea. The

Yukon: Health, welfare, and education: …a territorial school system, and Yukon College, with its main campus at Whitehorse and a network of community branches, provides two years of university-level courses and a number of vocational and adult education programs.

Lance Mackey: …also began contending in the Yukon Quest, a 1,000-mile (1,609-km) dogsled race from Fairbanks, Alaska, to Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada. He placed first every year from 2005, when he was a race rookie, to 2008, making him the first four-time winner of the event. Going into the 2007 Iditarod, Mackey had…

Yukon River, major North American river that flows through the central Yukon territory of northwestern Canada and the central region of the U.S. state of Alaska. It measures 1,980 miles (3,190 km) from the headwaters of the McNeil River (a tributary of the Nisutlin River). The Yukon discharges into

Yukon, territory of northwestern Canada, an area of rugged mountains and high plateaus. It is bounded by the Northwest Territories to the east, by British Columbia to the south, and by the U.S. state of Alaska to the west, and it extends northward above the Arctic Circle to the Beaufort Sea. The

Canadian territorial flag that is a vertically striped tricolour of green, white, and blue, with the Yukon coat of arms and floral emblem in the centre.The flag was adopted by the Territorial Council in 1967. Its unequal vertical stripes are referred to as a “Canadian pale” because they correspond

Yukon–Charley Rivers National Preserve, protected river-basin region in east-central Alaska, U.S. Proclaimed a national monument in 1978, the area underwent boundary and name changes in 1980, when it became a national preserve. The total area of the preserve is 3,948 square miles (10,225 square

Mikhail Khodorkovsky: In 1995 Menatep acquired Yukos, Russia’s second largest oil company, in a privatization auction for some $350 million. Although Menatep did not offer the highest bid, it nevertheless won the auction. This can be explained by the fact that Menatep also oversaw the bidding process and that the highest…

lokapāla: The other Buddhist lokapālas are Dhṛtarāṣṭra (east), Virūḍhaka (south), and Virūpākṣa (west).

magnolia: Major species: …white interiors and brownish fruits; yulan magnolia (M. denudata), a 60-metre (nearly 200-foot) tree; saucer magnolia (M. ×soulangeana), a gray-barked hybrid between the lily magnolia and the yulan magnolia, which has flowers that may be white, pink, crimson, or purplish; Oyama magnolia (M. sieboldii), a 9-metre (30-foot) tree with crimson…

Hungry Ghost Festival, frightening and festive Buddhist and Daoist holiday celebrated in East Asia and Southeast Asia, particularly in areas with Chinese cultural influence, to propitiate the ghosts of the deceased. The holiday is celebrated on the 15th day of the 7th month on the Chinese lunar

Uluru/Ayers Rock: …to a small airport at Yulara, a community just north of the national park boundary. Yulara also has hotel, hostel, and camping accommodations, as well as restaurants and other guest services; there are no overnight facilities within the park. The park is accessible by road from Yulara, and a road…

Yule, festival observed historically by Germanic peoples and in modern times primarily by Neo-Pagans, coinciding with the winter solstice (December 21–22 in the Northern Hemisphere; June 20–21 in the Southern Hemisphere). The pre-Christian festival originated in Scandinavia and was later subsumed,

Christmas, Christian festival celebrating the birth of Jesus. The English term Christmas (“mass on Christ’s day”) is of fairly recent origin. The earlier term Yule may have derived from the Germanic jōl or the Anglo-Saxon geōl, which referred to the feast of the winter solstice. The corresponding

Yule: …tradition is that of the Yule goat. In towns and cities throughout Sweden during the Christmas season, large goats are constructed out of straw. It is thought that the tradition originated in ancient times, perhaps as a tribute to the god Thor, who was said to ride in a chariot…

Yule: One of these is the Yule log, still popular today although usually in altered form. It is thought that the original Yule log was a large log that burned throughout the entire multiday festival, for as many as 12 days. A popular modern take on the Yule log is a…

the Velvet Underground: …Ibiza, Spain), Angus MacLise, and Doug Yule.

Mickey Rooney was an American motion-picture, stage, and musical star noted for his energy, charisma, and versatility. A popular child star best known for his portrayal of the wholesome, wisecracking title character in the Andy Hardy series of films, the short-statured puckish performer established

Simpson’s paradox, in statistics, an effect that occurs when the marginal association between two categorical variables is qualitatively different from the partial association between the same two variables after controlling for one or more other variables. Simpson’s paradox is important for three

Yulia Tymoshenko: …November 2001 she founded the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc (BYT; originally the National Rescue Forum) in opposition to Pres. Leonid Kuchma. Although Tymoshenko had previously been considered a strong candidate for the presidency, she formed an alliance with Yushchenko’s Our Ukraine party and supported his bid for president in 2004. During…

Yulin, city, southeastern Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi, southern China. It is situated on the upper course of the Nanliu River, which drains southwestward into the Gulf of Tonkin to the west of Beihai. The city is a natural hub of land communications in southern Guangxi, from which highways

Hotan: …by the Karakax (Kalakashi) and Yurungkax (Yulongkashi) rivers, which flow from the high Kunlun Mountains to the south. They join in the north of the oasis to form the Hotan (Khotan) River, which discharges into the desert to the north. The rivers have their maximum flow during summer and are…

yab-yum, (Tibetan: “father-mother”), in Buddhist art of India, Nepal, and Tibet, the representation of the male deity in sexual embrace with his female consort. The pose is generally understood to represent the mystical union of the active force, or method (upaya, conceived of as masculine), with

PepsiCo, Inc.: Pepsi’s period of expansion: …a new, separate company called Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc. Looking to add more products that were considered healthier, PepsiCo acquired the Tropicana and Dole juice brands from the Seagram Company in 1998, and in 2001 it merged with the Quaker Oats company to form a new division, Quaker Foods and…

dim sum: …(Canton), the customary brunch called yum cha, literally “drink tea,” remains a high point of the week, with dim sum served along with tea to diners who are in no hurry. The custom has spread to neighbouring Hong Kong and other Chinese communities in- and outside of China. Indeed, dim…

Yuma, city, seat (1871) of Yuma county, southwestern Arizona, U.S. It is situated on the Colorado River at the mouth of the Gila River, just north of the Mexican frontier. Founded in 1854 as Colorado City, it was renamed Arizona City (1862) and Yuma (1873), probably from the Spanish word humo,

Quechan, California Indian people of the fertile Colorado River valley who, together with the Mojave and other groups of the region (collectively known as River Yumans), shared some of the traditions of the Southwest Indians. They lived in riverside hamlets, and among the structures they built were

Yuma Desert, arid part of the Sonoran Desert. It lies south of the Gila River and east of the Colorado River in the extreme southwestern corner of Arizona, U.S., and in the northwestern corner of Sonora, Mexico. The desert south of the Mexican border is often called the Great Desert (Spanish Gran

Yuma: Yuma Territorial Prison (1876), now a state historical park, displays artifacts and photographs of prison life in the old West. Inc. town, 1871; city, 1914. Pop. (2000) 77,515; Yuma Metro Area, 160,026; (2010) 93,064; Yuma Metro Area, 195,751; (2023 est.) 100,858.

Yuman, any of various Native American groups who traditionally lived in the lower Colorado River valley and adjacent areas in what are now western Arizona and southern California, U.S., and northern Baja California and northwestern Sonora, Mex. They spoke related languages of the Hokan language

northern Mexican Indian: Speaking Yuman languages, they are little different today from their relatives in U.S. California. A small number of Cocopa in the Colorado River delta in like manner represent a southward extension of Colorado River Yumans from the U.S. Southwest. The remaining group is the Seri, who are…

Banana Yoshimoto: … (1989; “Pinenuts [or Pineapple] Pudding”), Yume ni tsuite (1994; “About a Dream”), and Painappuru heddo (1995; “Pineapple Head”). In 2000–01 a one-volume author’s selection appeared, and four volumes of collected works were published.

Tokyo-Yokohama Metropolitan Area: Services of the Tokyo-Yokohama Metropolitan Area: …unintended irony “Dream Island” (Yume no shima), originated in 1965 a huge plague of flies that spread over the eastern part of the city. The site has been under better control since but continues to be a not very dreamlike place.

Japan: Western studies: In his work Yume no shiro (“Instead of Dreams”), he reconstructed Japanese history in the age of gods on the basis of natural science.

Japanese art: Sculpture: …the Hall of Dreams (Yumedono) of the Hōryū Temple. The Tori style seen in these works reveals an interpretive dependence on Chinese Buddhist sculpture of the Northern Wei dynasty (386–534/535), such as that found in the Longmen caves. Symmetry, a highly stylized linear treatment of draped garments, and a…

Japanese art: Sculpture: …the Hall of Dreams (Yumedono) of the Hōryū Temple. The Tori style seen in these works reveals an interpretive dependence on Chinese Buddhist sculpture of the Northern Wei dynasty (386–534/535), such as that found in the Longmen caves. Symmetry, a highly stylized linear treatment of draped garments, and a…

Yumen, city, western Gansu sheng (province), northwestern China. It is situated on the ancient Silk Road from China into Central Asia. The site was first brought under Chinese control in the last years of the 2nd century bce, when it was given the name Yumen (“Jade Gate”). Known as Huiji in the 5th

Sierra Leone: Post-civil war: Kandeh Yumkella—a former UN official who had been a member of the SLPP before breaking away in 2017 to form a new party, the National Grand Coalition (NGC)—was also considered to be a strong candidate. These three were the top vote-getters in the March 7…

Botev, highest peak (7,795 feet [2,376 metres]) in the Balkan Mountains of central Bulgaria. It was formerly called Ferdinandov and, until 1950,

Yun Po-Sun was a Korean politician who served (1960–62) as a liberal president of South Korea during the Second Republic. Yun received an M.A. (1930) from the University of Edinburgh and managed his family’s business affairs. When Japanese rule of Korea ended in 1945, Yun entered politics; his

alchemy: Chinese alchemy: …to a collection known as Yün chi ch’i ch’ien (“Seven Tablets in a Cloudy Satchel”), which is dated 1023. Thus, sources on alchemy in China (as elsewhere) are compilations of much earlier writings.

Korean literature: Modern literature: 1910 to the end of the 20th century: The novelist Yun Hŭnggil is another example of a writer who cultivated fiction as an instrument of understanding himself and others. In his Changma (1973; “The Rainy Spell”), for example, Yun says that ideological differences imposed upon the Korean people by history can be overcome if they…

Yunnan: …location as south of the Yun Range (Yun Ling, “Cloudy Mountains”). Although richly endowed with natural resources, Yunnan remained an underdeveloped region until relatively recent times; for centuries the ethnic, religious, and political separatism of the province posed obstacles to the efforts of a central government to control it. Although…

Yun Shouping was an artist who, together with the Four Wangs and Wu Li, is grouped among the major artists of the early Qing (1644–1911/12) period. He and these other artists continued the orthodox tradition of painting, following the great codifications of the painter and art theoretician Dong

Yun Po-Sun was a Korean politician who served (1960–62) as a liberal president of South Korea during the Second Republic. Yun received an M.A. (1930) from the University of Edinburgh and managed his family’s business affairs. When Japanese rule of Korea ended in 1945, Yun entered politics; his

Yunnan: …location as south of the Yun Range (Yun Ling, “Cloudy Mountains”). Although richly endowed with natural resources, Yunnan remained an underdeveloped region until relatively recent times; for centuries the ethnic, religious, and political separatism of the province posed obstacles to the efforts of a central government to control it. Although…

Yun Shouping was an artist who, together with the Four Wangs and Wu Li, is grouped among the major artists of the early Qing (1644–1911/12) period. He and these other artists continued the orthodox tradition of painting, following the great codifications of the painter and art theoretician Dong

Yun Shouping was an artist who, together with the Four Wangs and Wu Li, is grouped among the major artists of the early Qing (1644–1911/12) period. He and these other artists continued the orthodox tradition of painting, following the great codifications of the painter and art theoretician Dong

Lei Gong: Yun Tong (“Cloud Youth”) whips up clouds, and Yuzi (“Rain Master”) causes downpours by dipping his sword into a pot. Roaring winds rush forth from a type of goatskin bag manipulated by Feng Bo (“Earl of Wind”), who was later replaced by Feng Popo (“Madame…

Korean literature: Modern literature: 1910 to the end of the 20th century: …produced by Yi Yuksa and Yun Tongju. In Yi’s poem “Chŏlchŏng” (1939; “The Summit”), he re-creates the conditions of an existence in extremity and forces the reader to contemplate his ultimate destiny. The poetry of Yun Tongju, a dispassionate witness to Korea’s national humiliation, expresses sorrow in response to relentless…

Isang Yun was a Korean-born German composer who sought to express a distinctly Asian sensibility by means of contemporary Western techniques. Yun began composing at the age of 14 and studied music in Japan in Ōsaka and Tokyo. He returned to Korea, where he was active in the resistance movement