Yungang caves, series of magnificent Chinese Buddhist cave temples, created in the 5th century ce during the Six Dynasties period (220–598 ce). They are located about 10 miles (16 km) west of the city of Datong, near the northern border of Shanxi province (and the Great Wall). The cave complex, a

Yün-lin, hsien (county), west-central Taiwan. It is bordered by the hsien of Chang-hua (north), Nan-t’ou (east), and Chia-i (south) and by the Taiwan Strait (west). Yün-lin slopes from the foothills of the A-li Mountains in the east to the fertile alluvial plains in the west. The Cho-shui and

Tou-liu, town and seat of Yün-lin hsien (county), west-central Taiwan. It is located 85 miles (137 km) northeast of Kao-hsiung city in the middle of the western coastal plain. The town, which developed in the early 17th century, is a marketing centre for rice, sweet potatoes, peanuts (groundnuts),

yunluo, Chinese gong chime usually consisting of 10 gongs that are suspended in individual compartments on a wooden frame and beaten with sticks that have hard or soft tips. It may be carried by a handle or set on a table. Pairs of yunluo may be played by one or two performers. The instrument is

Yunnan, sheng (province) of China, a mountain and plateau region on the country’s southwestern frontier. It is bounded by the Tibet Autonomous Region to the northwest, the provinces of Sichuan to the north and Guizhou to the east, and the Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi to the southeast. To the

Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, highland region comprising the northern part of Yunnan province and the western part of Guizhou province, south-central China. Yunnan is more distinctly a plateau with areas of rolling uplands, precipitous folded and fault-block mountain ranges, and deep, river-cut gorges.

Yuna River, river in central and northeastern Dominican Republic. It is one of the country’s three most important river systems, the others being the Yaque del Norte and Yaque del Sur rivers. The Yuna is formed by the union of many headstreams arising near Bonao in the tangled mountains of the

Yuna River, river in central and northeastern Dominican Republic. It is one of the country’s three most important river systems, the others being the Yaque del Norte and Yaque del Sur rivers. The Yuna is formed by the union of many headstreams arising near Bonao in the tangled mountains of the

Chimú: The Chimú language, known as Yunca (Yunga), Mochica, or Moche, now extinct, was very different and definitely distinct from that of the Inca.

Yundum, town, western Gambia. Located 18 miles (30 km) southwest of Banjul, it is the site of a teacher-training college. The Gambia’s international airport, originally a World War II Allied airfield, adjoins Yundum to the east. The Abuko Nature Reserve, 4 miles (6 km) to the northeast, features

Usman dan Fodio: Early years: …have taught the future sultan Yunfa.

Chaim Grade: A leading member of Yung Vilne (“Young Vilna”), a group of avant-garde Yiddish writers and artists, Grade began publishing poems in Yiddish periodicals. His first published book was the poetry collection Yo (1936; “Yes”): it includes poems of spiritual struggle and the destruction of Jewish life and conveys Grade’s…

Yong’an, city, west-central Fujian sheng (province), southeastern China. It is situated on the Sha River, a southern tributary of the Min River. Yong’an was set up as a county in 1452 during the Ming dynasty. During the Sino-Japanese War (1937–45), Yong’an replaced Fuzhou as the temporary

Yongzheng was the reign name (nianhao) of the third emperor (reigned 1722–35) of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12), during whose rule the administration was consolidated and power became concentrated in the emperor’s hands. As the fourth son of the Kangxi emperor, Yinzhen was not immediately in line

Yung-ho, former municipality (shih, or shi), northern Taiwan. In 2010 it became a city district of the special municipality of New Taipei City, the successor of the former T’ai-pei county. Yung-ho is situated on the west bank of the Hsin-tien (Xindian) River, opposite Taipei special municipality,

Zhu Youlang was a claimant to the Ming throne after the Manchu forces of Manchuria had captured the Ming capital at Beijing and established the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12). A grandson of the Ming emperor Shenzong (reigned 1572–1620, reign name Wanli), Zhu was given the title of the prince of Gui.

Yongle was the reign name (nianhao) of the third emperor (1402–24) of China’s Ming dynasty (1368–1644), which he raised to its greatest power. He moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, which was rebuilt with the Forbidden City. Zhu Di’s father, the Hongwu emperor, had rapidly risen from a poor

Yongle dadian, Chinese compilation that was the world’s largest known encyclopaedia. Compiled during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) by thousands of Chinese scholars under the direction of the Yongle emperor (reigned 1402–24), it was completed in 1408. The work contained 22,937 manuscript rolls, or

Chinese painting: Yuan dynasty (1206–1368): …paintings were executed at the Yongle Temple in Shanxi (now restored and moved to Ruicheng). A number of royal patrons, including Kublai, the emperors Buyantu and Tog-temür, and Kublai’s great-granddaughter Sengge, built an imperial collection of important early works and also sponsored paintings that emphasized such themes as architecture and…

Yongding River, River, northeastern China. It rises beyond the Great Wall in Hebei province and flows southeastward through Beijing municipality. It continues through Tianjin municipality, where it becomes the principal stream forming the Hai River, which flows from the Yongding’s junction with the

Chimú: The Chimú language, known as Yunca (Yunga), Mochica, or Moche, now extinct, was very different and definitely distinct from that of the Inca.

Yungang caves, series of magnificent Chinese Buddhist cave temples, created in the 5th century ce during the Six Dynasties period (220–598 ce). They are located about 10 miles (16 km) west of the city of Datong, near the northern border of Shanxi province (and the Great Wall). The cave complex, a

Yungas, humid, subtropical region in western Bolivia. (Yungas is an Aymara word meaning “Warm Lands.”) It occupies the eastern slopes of the Andean Cordillera Real and extends northeast and north of the cities of La Paz and Cochabamba. This rainy forested belt of rugged terrain (deep valleys and

Peruvian–Bolivian Confederation: …of the confederation at the Battle of Yungay (department of Ancash, Peru) on Jan. 20, 1839. This defeat caused the immediate dissolution of the confederation; Santa Cruz went into exile. Agustín Gamarra assumed the presidency of Peru and tried to subjugate Bolivia to Peru; this attempt ended abruptly with his…

Yiddish literature: Writers in New York: …formed two innovative groups called Di Yunge (“The Young”) and Di Inzikhistn (“The Introspectivists”). Both groups began with the publication of journals—the former with Di yugend (1907–08; “The Youth”) and the latter with In zikh (1920; “Inside the Self” or “Introspection”). Di Yunge was the first movement in Yiddish literature…

Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, highland region comprising the northern part of Yunnan province and the western part of Guizhou province, south-central China. Yunnan is more distinctly a plateau with areas of rolling uplands, precipitous folded and fault-block mountain ranges, and deep, river-cut gorges.

Jinghong, city, southern Yunnan sheng (province), southwestern China. It is situated in a rich basin on the west bank of the Mekong (Lancang) River, near the borders of Myanmar (Burma) and Laos. A military-civilian administration of Cheli Region was set up there during the Yuan dynasty (1206–1368).

alchemy: Chinese alchemy: …to a collection known as Yün chi ch’i ch’ien (“Seven Tablets in a Cloudy Satchel”), which is dated 1023. Thus, sources on alchemy in China (as elsewhere) are compilations of much earlier writings.

Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, highland region comprising the northern part of Yunnan province and the western part of Guizhou province, south-central China. Yunnan is more distinctly a plateau with areas of rolling uplands, precipitous folded and fault-block mountain ranges, and deep, river-cut gorges.

yunluo, Chinese gong chime usually consisting of 10 gongs that are suspended in individual compartments on a wooden frame and beaten with sticks that have hard or soft tips. It may be carried by a handle or set on a table. Pairs of yunluo may be played by one or two performers. The instrument is

Yunnan, sheng (province) of China, a mountain and plateau region on the country’s southwestern frontier. It is bounded by the Tibet Autonomous Region to the northwest, the provinces of Sichuan to the north and Guizhou to the east, and the Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi to the southeast. To the

Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, highland region comprising the northern part of Yunnan province and the western part of Guizhou province, south-central China. Yunnan is more distinctly a plateau with areas of rolling uplands, precipitous folded and fault-block mountain ranges, and deep, river-cut gorges.

Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, highland region comprising the northern part of Yunnan province and the western part of Guizhou province, south-central China. Yunnan is more distinctly a plateau with areas of rolling uplands, precipitous folded and fault-block mountain ranges, and deep, river-cut gorges.

chordate: Evolution and paleontology: …over whether older animals—such as Yunnanozoon lividum and Haikouella (both of which date to 530 million years ago and possess several chordate features)—should be considered chordates. An extensive vertebrate fossil record begins about 400 million years ago.

Leo Tolstoy: First publications of Leo Tolstoy: (1854; Boyhood) and Yunost (1857; Youth). A number of stories centre on a single semiautobiographical character, Dmitry Nekhlyudov, who later reappeared as the hero of Tolstoy’s novel Resurrection. In “Lyutsern” (1857; “Lucerne”), Tolstoy uses the diary form first to relate an incident, then to reflect on its timeless meaning, and…

Jiangsu: Relief and soils: Mount Yuntai, in northern Subei near the Yellow Sea, is the highest point in the province, at 2,050 feet (625 metres).

Hamid Dynasty: …principality jointly with his brother Yunus, with two capitals, one at Eğridir and one at Antalya (Attalia). Dündar was defeated and killed (1324) by Demirtaş, the Il-Khanid governor of Anatolia. Eğridir was restored by Dündar’s sons in 1374 as a dependency of the Ottoman Turks.

Islamic arts: The Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties: classical Islamic music: In the 8th century Yūnus al-Kātib, author of the first Arabic book of musical theory, compiled the first collection of songs. Other notable musicians of the period were Ibn Muḥriz, of Persian ancestry; Ibn Surayj, also of Persian ancestry and noted for his elegies and improvisations (murtajal); his pupil…

Yunus Emre was a poet and mystic who exercised a powerful influence on Turkish literature. Though legend obscures the facts of his life, he is known to have been a Sufi (Islamic mystic) who sat for 40 years at the feet of his master, Tapduk Emre. Yunus Emre was well versed in mystical philosophy,

Muhammad Yunus is a Bangladeshi economist and founder of the Grameen Bank, an institution that provides microcredit (small loans to poor people possessing no collateral) to help its clients establish creditworthiness and financial self-sufficiency. In 2006 Yunus and Grameen received the Nobel Prize

Agui was a Chinese general and government official during the middle years of the Qing dynasty in China. The scion of a noble family, Agui directed Chinese military expeditions that quelled uprisings in the western provinces of Sichuan and Gansu. He also conquered Ili and Chinese Turkistan, areas

nueva canción: The formative years: the late 1950s through the ’60s: …Violeta Parra in Chile and Atahualpa Yupanqui in Argentina.

Yupiit, Indigenous Arctic people traditionally residing in Siberia, St. Lawrence Island and the Diomede Islands in the Bering Sea and Bering Strait, and Alaska. They are culturally related to the Chukchi and Inuit, of Canada and Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland). Although some anthropologists argue that

Yupiit, Indigenous Arctic people traditionally residing in Siberia, St. Lawrence Island and the Diomede Islands in the Bering Sea and Bering Strait, and Alaska. They are culturally related to the Chukchi and Inuit, of Canada and Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland). Although some anthropologists argue that

Yupik language, the western division of the Eskimo languages, spoken in southwestern Alaska and in

Xinkan languages: Yupiltepeque Xinka. Extinct and poorly attested Jutiapa Xinka may have been a dialect of Yupiltepeque Xinka or possibly an additional distinct language. Chiquimulilla Xinka and Yupiltepeque Xinka are extinct. The last speaker of Chiquimulilla Xinka died in the late 1970s. There are one or two…

yuppie, term used most frequently in the 1980s and ’90s to describe college-educated young professionals. Yuppie is short for “young urban professional” or “young upwardly mobile professional.” These individuals were typically of the American baby boomer generation (those born between 1946 and

Japurá River, river that rises as the Caquetá River east of Pasto, Colombia, in the Colombian Cordillera Central. It meanders generally east-southeastward through the tropical rain forest of southeastern Colombia. After receiving the Apaporis River at the Brazilian border, it takes the name Japurá

Nenets, ethnolinguistic group inhabiting northwestern Russia, from the White Sea on the west to the base of the Taymyr Peninsula on the east and from the Sayan Mountains on the south to the Arctic Ocean on the north. At present the Nenets are the largest group speaking Samoyedic, a branch of the

Samoyedic languages: …North Samoyedic subgroup consists of Nenets (Yurak), Enets (Yenisey), and Nganasan (Tavgi). The South Samoyedic subgroup comprises Selkup and the practically extinct Kamas language. None of these languages was written before 1930, and they are currently used only occasionally for educational purposes in some elementary schools.

Simone Biles: 2016 Rio de Janeiro Games: …sport’s most difficult vault, the Yurchenko double pike (also known as the Biles II), during a competition. Later that year she competed at the U.S. national championships, where she captured her seventh all-around title. She also won three other gold medals and one bronze.

Romanov dynasty: …Romanovs acquired their name from Roman Yurev (died 1543), whose daughter Anastasiya Romanovna Zakharina-Yureva was the first wife of Ivan IV the Terrible (reigned as tsar 1547–84). Her brother Nikita’s children took the surname Romanov in honour of their grandfather, father of a tsarina. After Fyodor I (the last ruler…

Yurok, North American Indians who lived in what is now California along the lower Klamath River and the Pacific coast. They spoke a Macro-Algonquian language and were culturally and linguistically related to the Wiyot. As their traditional territory lay on the border between divergent cultural and

yurt, tentlike Central Asian nomad’s dwelling, erected on wooden poles and covered with skin, felt, or handwoven textiles in bright colours. The interior is simply furnished with brightly coloured rugs (red often predominating) decorated with geometric or stylized animal patterns. The knotted pile

yurt, tentlike Central Asian nomad’s dwelling, erected on wooden poles and covered with skin, felt, or handwoven textiles in bright colours. The interior is simply furnished with brightly coloured rugs (red often predominating) decorated with geometric or stylized animal patterns. The knotted pile

Juruá River, river that rises in the highlands east of the Ucayali River in east-central Peru. It flows northward through Acre state, Brazil. Entering Amazonas state, Brazil, it meanders eastward and then east-northeastward, emptying into the stretch of the Amazon River known as the Solimões River,

dualism: Among religions of modern indigenous peoples: …Sudanese) notions about Nommo and Yurugu, already mentioned. A series of words refers to both principles; i.e., a series of realities and categories can be named that constitute the world in its functional variety, which transcend the simple good-evil opposition, and according to which both Nommo and Yurugu are dualistic…

Yürük rug, floor covering handwoven by nomadic people in various parts of Anatolia. The Balıkesir Yürük rugs of western Anatolia have diagonal patterns and a maze of latch-hook motifs carried out in brick red and dark blue with touches of ivory. They may be reminiscent of and sometimes confused

Hotan: …by the Karakax (Kalakashi) and Yurungkax (Yulongkashi) rivers, which flow from the high Kunlun Mountains to the south. They join in the north of the oasis to form the Hotan (Khotan) River, which discharges into the desert to the north. The rivers have their maximum flow during summer and are…

South American forest Indian: Social organization: The Yurupary celebration inducts the boys into the secret society of mature men. Special rites are revealed to them; they are shown the sacred trumpets or the masks representing ancestral spirits. They are subjected to violent whippings, which they must tolerate without the least expression of…

Russia: The post-Sarai period: … was challenged by his uncle Yury, prince of the important upper Volga commercial town of Galich. After many turns of fortune, Vasily II succeeded, with the help of Lithuanian and Tatar allies, in establishing his house permanently as the rulers of Muscovy.

Sergey Konstantinovich Krikalyov: …be the head of the Yury Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre in Star City, Russia.

Tver: Yury of Moscow, however, gained the support of Öz Beg (Uzbek), khan (1313–41) of the Golden Horde, and in 1317 replaced Michael as grand prince. Michael refused to accept his loss and defeated the military force sent by Öz Beg and Yury to dethrone him.…

Tartu, old university city of southeastern Estonia, on the Ema River. The original settlement of Tarbatu dates from the 5th century; in 1030 the Russians built a fort there called Yuryev. From the 13th to the 16th century, the town was a prosperous member of the Hanseatic League. Then held in turn

Kan’ami was a Japanese actor, playwright, and musician who was one of the founders of Noh drama. Kan’ami organized a theatre group in Obata to perform sarugaku (a form of popular drama that had apparently included tricks, acrobatics, and slapstick skits), which by his time had become plays with

Yuscarán, town, southeastern Honduras. It lies at the eastern foot of the Montaña (ridge) de Monserrat near the Choluteca River, at an elevation of 3,379 feet (1,030 metres). Founded in the early 18th century, when gold and silver were discovered in the area, Yuscarán was a prosperous mining centre

Viktor Yushchenko is a Ukrainian politician who served as president of Ukraine (2005–10). Yushchenko grew up in the Sumy region of northeastern Ukraine. He was educated at the Ternopil Finance and Economics Institute, where he graduated with a degree in economic sciences in 1975. Returning to Sumy,

Viktor Yushchenko is a Ukrainian politician who served as president of Ukraine (2005–10). Yushchenko grew up in the Sumy region of northeastern Ukraine. He was educated at the Ternopil Finance and Economics Institute, where he graduated with a degree in economic sciences in 1975. Returning to Sumy,

South Korea: The Yushin order (Fourth Republic): In December 1971, shortly after his inauguration to a third presidential term, Park declared a state of national emergency, and 10 months later (October 1972) he suspended the constitution and dissolved the legislature. A new constitution, which would permit the reelection…

censor, in traditional East Asia, governmental official charged primarily with the responsibility for scrutinizing and criticizing the conduct of officials and rulers. The office originated in China, where, under the Qin (221–206 bc) and Han (206 bc–ad 220) dynasties, the censor’s function was to

Qinghai earthquake of 2010: …2010, in the isolated southern Yushu Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Qinghai province, China, on the northeastern portion of the Plateau of Tibet. Nearly 3,000 people were killed, and property damage was extensive.

Ferdowsī: …upon his presumed authorship of Yūsof o-Zalīkhā, an epic poem on the subject of Joseph and Potiphar’s wife, which, it later became known, was composed more than 100 years after Ferdowsī’s death. According to the narrative of ʿArūẓī, Ferdowsī died inopportunely just as Sultan Maḥmūd had determined to make amends…

Walter Yust was an American journalist and editor, editor in chief of all publications of the Encyclopædia Britannica from 1938 to 1960—longer than any of his predecessors. A graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, Yust began his journalism career with the Philadelphia Evening Ledger in 1917

Arabic literature: Revelation, compilation, and structure: …unified wholes; for that reason, Yūsuf (the 12th surah, the Qurʾānic version of the Joseph narrative) has long been a favourite object of study by Western scholars. However, in the context of a history of Arabic literature, it is important to recognize that the Qurʾān’s oral origins and its modes…

Arabian religion: South Arabia: About 523 ce Yūsuf Asʾar Yathʾar (nicknamed Dhū Nuwās by the Muslim tradition), a Himyarite king of Jewish faith, persecuted and killed numerous miaphysite Christians in Najrān, on the northern frontier of Yemen. He also killed Byzantine merchants elsewhere in his kingdom. Outraged by the massacre and pressed…

Arabian religion: South Arabia: About 523 ce Yūsuf Asʾar Yathʾar (nicknamed Dhū Nuwās by the Muslim tradition), a Himyarite king of Jewish faith, persecuted and killed numerous miaphysite Christians in Najrān, on the northern frontier of Yemen. He also killed Byzantine merchants elsewhere in his kingdom. Outraged by the massacre and pressed…

al-Muʿizz: …as surrogate his lieutenant general Yusuf ibn Ziri. (The original North African dominion became a province called Al-Maghrib, “the West.”)

Islamic arts: Western Islamic art: Moorish: …14th century two successive princes, Yūsuf I and Muḥammad V, transformed the hill into their official residence. Outside of a number of gates built like triumphal arches and several ruined forecourts, only three parts of the palace remain intact. First there is the long Court of the Myrtles, leading to…

Yūsuf ibn Tāshufīn was an Almoravid ruler who, during his reign from 1061 to 1106, expanded Almoravid land holdings from a small, insecurely held area in the Maghrib into a huge empire that included major portions of present-day Morocco and Algeria, Muslim Spain as far north as Fraga, and the

Yūsuf ibn Tāshufīn was an Almoravid ruler who, during his reign from 1061 to 1106, expanded Almoravid land holdings from a small, insecurely held area in the Maghrib into a huge empire that included major portions of present-day Morocco and Algeria, Muslim Spain as far north as Fraga, and the

al-Muʿizz: …as surrogate his lieutenant general Yusuf ibn Ziri. (The original North African dominion became a province called Al-Maghrib, “the West.”)

Fakhr al-Dīn II: …Fakhr al-Dīn and then with Yūsuf Sayfā. Finally, with the defeat of Yūsuf Sayfā (1607), the Ottomans recognized Fakhr al-Dīn’s authority.

Vijayapura: In 1489—with the advent of Yūsuf ʿĀdil Shah, the first ʿĀdil Shāhī sultan—its dominions grew to include Goa, where a navy was maintained. Although it was defeated in 1686 by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, the ʿĀdil Shāhī dynasty left a legacy of outstanding Islamic buildings, aesthetically the most satisfactory of…

Vijayapura: In 1489—with the advent of Yūsuf ʿĀdil Shah, the first ʿĀdil Shāhī sultan—its dominions grew to include Goa, where a navy was maintained. Although it was defeated in 1686 by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, the ʿĀdil Shāhī dynasty left a legacy of outstanding Islamic buildings, aesthetically the most satisfactory of…

Nigeria: Rise of Boko Haram: Shortly thereafter, the group’s leader, Mohammed Yusuf, was captured and killed while in police custody, as were several of his followers. After a hiatus, the group resurfaced under the leadership of Yusuf’s deputy, Abubakar Shekau, and unleashed a campaign of violence in 2010 that continued in the following years.

Nigeria: Rise of Boko Haram: Shortly thereafter, the group’s leader, Mohammed Yusuf, was captured and killed while in police custody, as were several of his followers. After a hiatus, the group resurfaced under the leadership of Yusuf’s deputy, Abubakar Shekau, and unleashed a campaign of violence in 2010 that continued in the following years.

Morocco: Hassan’s last years: …house, and in March 1998 Abderrahmane Youssoufi (ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Yūsufī), a leader of the Socialist Union of Popular Forces, was appointed as prime minister. Under pressure from human rights organizations, Hassan also directed a vigorous cleanup campaign that led to the ousting and even execution of corrupt officials as well…

Grigori Rasputin: …of extreme conservatives, including Prince Feliks Yusupov (husband of the tsar’s niece), Vladimir Mitrofanovich Purishkevich (a member of the Duma), and Grand Duke Dmitry Pavlovich (the tsar’s cousin), formed a conspiracy to eliminate Rasputin and save the monarchy from further scandal. On the night of December 29–30 (December 16–17, Old…

Onoe Shōroku II, was a Japanese kabuki actor, one of the foremost interpreters of the classical kabuki plays, who specialized in female roles (all kabuki players are male). Yutaka Fujima made his debut at the age of five as Ushiwakamaru at the Teikoku Theatre in the kabuki drama Shusse Kagekiyo,

Wong Kar-Wai: …genre with Yutdoi jungsi (2013; The Grandmaster), a biography of martial artist Yip Man (Leung), who was best known as the trainer of Bruce Lee. Wong wrote the screenplay for and produced the romantic comedy Bai du ren (2016; “See You Tomorrow”). It was directed by Zhang Jiajia, who wrote…

Zhang Zuolin was a Chinese soldier and later a warlord who dominated Manchuria (now Northeast China) and parts of North China between 1913 and 1928. He maintained his power with the tacit support of the Japanese; in return he granted them concessions in Manchuria. Born into a peasant family, Zhang

Kurihara Harumi: …media and home furnishing corporation Yutori no Kūkan (“A Place to Relax”).

Chang’e: …a 120-kg (260-pound) rover, called Yutu after the rabbit that accompanied the goddess Chang’e to the Moon. The lander touched down in Mare Imbrium in the Moon’s northern hemisphere on December 14. China thus became the first country to land a probe on the Moon after the Soviet Union and…

feathered dinosaur: Discoveries in the Liaoning deposits: The feathers of Yutyrannus, the largest known feathered dinosaur, were longer. Described in 2012, evidence from the three fossil skeletons of Yutyrannus recovered from Liaoning deposits suggests that, at a minimum, this Early Cretaceous tyrannosaur possessed tufts of filamentous feathers up to 16–20 cm (6.2–7.9 inches) long on…

Australian Aboriginal languages: Classification and distribution: The Yuulngu group is a separate Pama-Nyungan enclave, isolated from the main block by intervening non-Pama-Nyungan languages, as indicated on the map. In classifications published between 1950 and 1975, Pama-Nyungan was identified as a genetic subfamily; but the remaining languages were divided into some 25 to…

Mani Ratnam: Yuva (2004) saw Ratnam return to Hindi-language cinema after six years. Ratnam also simultaneously made a Tamil-language version of Yuva, Ayitha Ezhuthu, with a different cast. His next film, the Tamil-language Guru (2007), was set in the 1950s and was based on the rise to…

Sri Lanka: Government and society: The yuvaraja, the king’s chosen heir to the throne, was given responsible office. The army was the major prop of royal absolutism, and the senapati, or commander in chief, was the king’s closest counselor and confidant.

China: Early Tang (618–626): …Dou Jiande in Hebei, and Yuwen Huaji, who had assassinated the previous Sui emperor Yangdi and now led the remnants of the Sui’s southern armies. Wang Shichong set up a grandson of Yangdi at Luoyang as the new Sui emperor. Yuwen Huaji led his armies to attack Luoyang, and Wang…

Sui dynasty: …was dominated by the great Yuwen Kai, who in nine months designed a vast capital city at Daxing. Its palace had a rotating pavilion accommodating 200 guests. Painters came from throughout the country seeking patronage at the Sui court. The dynasty established a pattern of patronizing the arts that was…

Huang Binhong was a painter and art theorist who, faced with the challenge of a new society in 20th-century China, incorporated fresh ideas into traditional Chinese painting. Huang’s father was a merchant and art enthusiast who encouraged his son’s interest in painting. In 1888 his business