Yule

Yule, winter festival observed historically by Germanic peoples and in modern times primarily by Neo-Pagans, coinciding with the winter solstice (December 21–22 in the Northern Hemisphere; June 20–21 in the Southern Hemisphere). In many languages of northern Europe, some variant of “Yule” (e.g., Jul in Scandinavian languages) is the standard word for “Christmas.” The pre-Christian festival’s origins are unclear, but it was celebrated in Scandinavia and other regions of northern Europe. It was later replaced by the Christian holiday of Christmas. Possible vestiges of Yule remain within northern European Christmas festivities. Some modern Neo-Pagan celebrations of Yule have attempted to re-create the ancient traditions, while others have been adapted or reimagined to suit contemporary personal and religious practices.

Early history of Yule

Yule is one of the oldest winter solstice festivals, with origins among the ancient Norse thousands of years ago. Its roots are complicated and difficult to trace, although there are several theories about how and why the festival was celebrated. It is generally agreed that Yule celebrations began as a Norse festival called jól, although assessments of the purpose and traditions vary. Like most winter solstice festivals, themes of light, fire, and feasting are common threads. Some historians think that sacrifices were an important part of the observance, either to the gods and other supernatural beings (such as elves) or to the dead or both. In the harsh climate of northern Europe, most cattle were slaughtered because they could not be fed during the winter. Meat, therefore, was plentiful for a midwinter feast or to leave out as an offering. Some contend that the original festival was a sort of Norse Day of the Dead, with the god Odin as a major player; among Odin’s many names was Jolnir, and among his many duties was acting as a god of the dead. However, this has been disputed in recent years, at least one historian positing that jól was a new year festival intended to set the tone for the months ahead.

One of the earliest known references to Yule is from English monk and historian Bede, who wrote in the early 8th century about “giuli,” a period in the old pagan calendar used by Germanic groups such as the Norse and the Anglo-Saxons. Giuli was a two-month span that marked the time when sunlight began to increase again at the winter solstice. It was not a festival per se but a marking of the passage of time.

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“Yule” became a name for Christmas about the 9th century, and in many languages yule and its cognates are still used to describe that holiday—jul in Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish; joulud in Estonian; joulu in Finnish; and jól in Icelandic. The Christmas holiday is still referred to as Yule in the Scots language. According to the saga of King Haakon Haraldsson (also known as Haakon I Adalsteinsfostre or Haakon the Good) of Norway, who ruled in the 10th century, the Norse Yule celebration and Christian Christmas celebration were merged during his reign. Haakon became Christian after a visit to England, and after his return to Norway he put into law that Yule should be celebrated at the same time as Christmas. Everyone was required to have ale from a measure of grain and keep the holiday while the ale lasted or else be subject to a fine.

From this point Christmas continued to overtake Yule, although some possible vestiges of the earlier Germanic celebration remained. Whether these practices are historical continuities from the ancient Yule or merely innovative regional variations of Christmas celebrations—as happens in most holidays over time—is unclear. One possible remnant of pre-Christian Yule is the Yule log, still popular today in Europe although usually in altered form. The original Yule log was a large log that burned throughout the entire multiday festival, for as many as 12 days. A popular modern take on the Yule log is a roulade-style cake decorated to look like a log.

Another candidate for a remaining Yule tradition is the Yule goat. In towns and cities throughout Sweden during the Christmas season, large goats are constructed out of straw. This tradition might have originated in ancient times, perhaps as a tribute to the god Thor, who was said to ride in a chariot pulled by goats. In Sweden the goat is now an integral part of the Christmas celebration, and the Yule goat is also considered by many holiday revelers to be a companion or counterpart to Santa Claus.

Neo-Pagan Yule

In modern times Yule as a solstice celebration is observed by many Neo-Pagans, both as individuals and as groups. For Wiccans, Yule is the second sabbat of the Wheel of the Year, marked with rituals to welcome the return of the Sun. Some mark the holiday with reenactments of the battle between the Holly King (representing darkness) and the Oak King (representing light) of Celtic legend. Some practitioners endeavor to re-create traditions of the ancient Norse by burning yule logs or with feasts. Some other Neo-Pagans observe Yule by staying awake until dawn to observe the cycles of nature.

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