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subtractionadditionmodular arithmeticcommutative lawdistributive lawassociative lawfundamental theorem of arithmeticdivisionmultiplicationarithmetic operationanalysisprobability theorycryptologycomputer sciencecombinatoricsalgebrastatisticsgeometryautomata theoryset theory
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Key People

al-Karajī
Persian mathematician and engineer

John Vincent Atanasoff
American mathematician and physicist

Sir William Petty
English political economist

Nicomachus of Gerasa
Roman philosopher and mathematician

Bahāʾ ad-dīn Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn al-ʿĀmilī
Iranian scholar

Edward Cocker
English mathematician
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