Voting Machines

Table of Contents

Introduction
Non-Mechanical Voting: Paper Ballots and Viva Voce
Non-Mechanical Voting: Secret Paper Ballots
Mechanical Voting: Lever Machines
Mechanical Voting: Punch Card Machines
Electronic Voting: Mark-Sense, Optical, and Digital Scanners
Electronic Voting: Direct-Recording Electronic Machines (DRE
Electronic Voting: Ballot Marking Devices
Online Voting
Pros
- Pro 1: Current electronic voting machines with voter-verified paper audit trails are secure voting methods.
- Pro 2: History proves the reliability of electronic voting machines.
- Pro 3: Using the Internet for elections is an incredible risk the country does not need to take.
Cons
- Con 1: Current voting machines are outdated, and their software is vulnerable to domestic and foreign attacks.
- Con 2: Current voting machines are mechanically obsolete and extraordinarily expensive to repair or replace.
- Con 3: Voting machines should be replaced with Internet voting.
Historical Timeline
- 1856-1899
  - 1856 - Victoria, Australia First Place to Use Uniform Official Ballots
- 1900-1999
  - 1930 - Lever Machines in almost Every Major U.S. City
  - 1962 - Optical Scan Ballots First Used in Kern City, California
  - 1964 - Georgia Counties First to Use Punch Cards and Computer Tally Machines
  - Aug. 17, 1965 - Votomatic Punch Card Voting System Patented
  - Feb. 19, 1974 - Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) Voting Machine Patented
  - 1975 - Streamwood and Woodstock, Illinois Use Video Voter System
  - Mar. 1975 - First US Government Report to Evaluate Computerized Voting Technology
  - May 3, 1977 - Precinct-Based Optical Scan System Patented
  - 1982 - Nebraska First to Officially Use American Information Systems (AIS) Central-Count Ballot Tabulator
  - Feb. 3, 1987 - Shouptronic ELECTronic Voting Machine Patented
  - 1988 - Report Warns of Problems with Pre-Scored Punch Cards
  - 1990 - Federal Election Commission (FEC) Releases First Standards for Computer-Based Voting
  - 1996 - First Government Election Conducted over the Internet
  - 1996 - Dr. Shamos Offers $10,000 "DRE Tampering Challenge"
- 2000-2009
  - Nov. 7, 2000 - 2000 Presidential Election Highlights Ballot Problems
  - May 2002 - FEC Updates Electronic Voting Systems Standards
  - Oct. 29, 2002 - George W. Bush Signs the Help America Vote Act
  - 2002 - US Election Assistance Commission (EAC) Is Established
  - 2002 - Georgia First to Use Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) Voting Machines Statewide
  - July 23, 2003 - First Independent Security Analysis Raises Concerns about DREs
  - Aug. 14, 2003 - Democrats Raise Questions of Propriety over Diebold Chief Executive’s Ties to George W. Bush
  - Dec. 9, 2003 - Election Systems Companies Form Information Technology Association of America (ITAA)
  - Apr. 30, 2004 - California Secretary of State Decertifies All Touchscreen Electronic Voting Machines
  - May 5, 2004 - US Election Assistance Commission Holds First Public Meeting
  - July 16, 2004 - Nevada Mandates Voter-Verified Paper Audit (VVPA)
  - Nov. 2004 - North Carolina Electronic Voting Machines Lose 4,438 Votes in General Election
  - Sep. 2005 - Commission on Federal Election Reform Releases Report with Recommendations
  - Dec. 2005 - Black Box Voting Demonstrates Hackbility of Electronic Voting Systems
  - Dec. 13, 2005 - Election Assistance Committee Adopts Voluntary Voting System Guidelines
  - Jan. 1, 2006 - HAVA Implements Overvote and Accessability Requirements
  - May 11, 2006 - Black Box Voting Demonstrates Electronic Voting Machines’ "Backdoors"
  - Sep. 13, 2006 - Computer Security Expert Installs Malware on Diebold Electronic Voting Machine in Less than a Minute
  - Sep. 21, 2006 - Maryland’s Governor Urges Voters to Use Absentee Ballots over Electronic Voting Machines
  - Nov. 7, 2006 - HAVA Funds and Changes Increased Use of DREs
  - Jan. 4, 2007 - EAC Denies CIBER, Inc. Accreditation
  - Dec. 14, 2007 - EVEREST Report Finds DREs Do Not Meet Computer Industry Security Standards
  - Jan. 2008 - Florida Fair Elections Center Reports over 100,000 Florida Votes Not Counted in Nov. 2006
  - Nov. 4, 2008 - Presidential Election Runs Relatively Smoothly
- 2009-present
  - June 5, 2009 - Sequoia Voting Systems Allows Access to Technical Information about DREs
  - Sep. 3, 2009 - Diebold, Inc. Sells Election-Systems Business to Election Systems & Software, Inc. for $5 Million
  - Sep. 13, 2010 - Brennan Center Report Calls for Publicly Available National Database of Voting System Malfunctions
  - 2011 - Security Experts Hack Voting Machines by Remote Control
  - Nov. 6, 2012 - Long Lines Due to Voting Machine Malfunctions in 2012 Presidential Election
  - 2013 - New York City Returns to Lever Machines for Primary Election and Runoffs
  - July 29, 2017 - First-Ever Voting Machine "Hackathon" Reveals Many Vulnerabilities in Electronic Voting Machines and Poll Systems
1-minute Survey
Discussion Questions
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Sources

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