Defence of India Act, (1915), legislation designed to give the government of British India special powers to deal with revolutionary and German-inspired threats during World War I (1914–18), especially in the Punjab. A special legal tribunal was set up to deal with such cases without prior

Arthur James Balfour, 1st earl of Balfour: In 1879 he published A Defence of Philosophic Doubt, in which he endeavoured to show that scientific knowledge depends just as much as theology upon an act of faith. In the great Victorian struggle between science and religion, Balfour was on the side of religion. He continued to take…

The Defence of Poesie, literary criticism by Sir Philip Sidney, written about 1582 and published posthumously in 1595. Another edition of the work, published the same year, is titled An Apologie for Poetrie. Considered the finest work of Elizabethan literary criticism, Sidney’s elegant essay

Percy Bysshe Shelley: His essay A Defence of Poetry (published 1840) eloquently declares that the poet creates humane values and imagines the forms that shape the social order: thus each mind recreates its own private universe, and “Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the World.” Adonais, a pastoral elegy in…

John Wilkes: Career in London: …early in 1769 formed the Society for the Defence of the Bill of Rights to uphold his cause and pay his debts. During 1770 it became a political machine at his command. Shut out of Parliament he pursued his ambitions and his vendetta with the ministers in the City of…

John Adams: Political philosophy of John Adams: …citations, and personal observations entitled A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America (1787). A fourth volume, Discourses on Davila (1790), was published soon after he returned to the United States. Taken together, these lengthy tomes contained Adams’s distinctive insights as a political thinker. The…

Jeremiah Dummer: …most notable action was his A Defence of the New-England Charters, a work written in 1715. This pamphlet used Lockean precepts to argue against any alterations of existing New England charter rights, after they had been attacked in Parliament. The work was later praised by John Adams, who called it…

Jeremy Bentham: Early life and works: …Russia that he wrote his Defence of Usury (published 1787). This, his first essay in economics, presented in the form of a series of letters from Russia, shows him as a disciple of the economist Adam Smith but one who argued that Smith did not follow the logic of his…

crime laboratory: Crime laboratory issues: Criminal defendants frequently have no access to those public forensic science services and must often rely on private laboratories to analyze evidence for them. Most jurisdictions have some provisions for providing indigent defendants with funds to obtain forensic science services, but often the amount of funds…

Chicago Defender, the most influential African American newspaper during the early and mid-20th century. Founded in Chicago in 1905 by Robert Sengstacke Abbott, the Defender played a leading role in catalyzing the Great Migration. It achieved wide circulation and influence by taking a national

defender of the faith, a title belonging to the sovereign of England in the same way as Christianissimus (“most Christian”) belonged to the king of France. The title was first conferred by Pope Leo X on Henry VIII (Oct. 11, 1521) as a reward for the king’s pamphlet Assertio septem sacramentorum

the Defenders, American comic strip superhero team created for Marvel Comics by writer Roy Thomas and artist Ross Andru. The group—which was more of a loose temporary affiliation than a traditional superhero squad—had its first appearance in Marvel Feature no. 1 (December 1971). The seeds of the

Franklin J. Schaffner: …episodes of the weekly series The Defenders.

Randall Robinson: …of racial discrimination and wrote Defending the Spirit (1998), a searing memoir that gives a vivid account of racism in contemporary America. Robinson’s next published work, The Debt, detailed his conviction that reparations be made to African Americans. In 2001 he resigned his leadership position with TransAfrica to concentrate on…

Albert Brooks: …wrote, directed, and acted in Defending Your Life (1991); Mother (1996), which starred Debbie Reynolds in the title role; The Muse (1999); and Looking for Comedy in the Muslim World (2005). He also appeared in the crime dramas Drive (2011) and A Most Violent Year (2014) and portrayed a doctor…

Defenestration of Prague, incident of Bohemian resistance to Habsburg authority that took place on May 23, 1618, preceding the beginning of the Thirty Years’ War. In 1617 Roman Catholic officials in Bohemia closed Protestant chapels that were being constructed by citizens of the towns of Broumov

Prague: The Reformation and the Thirty Years’ War: …incident known as the first Defenestration of Prague. The next year Hussite peasant rebels, led by the great military leader Jan Žižka, joined forces with the Hussites of Prague to win a decisive victory over the Roman Catholic king (later emperor) Sigismund at nearby Vítkov Hill.

Ramiro de Maeztu: …and in his last work, La defensa de la hispanidad (1934; “In Defense of Spanishness”), he called for Spain to recover its 16th-century sense of Roman Catholic mission, which he considered beneficial to the conquered peoples of the old empire. Maeztu was shot by the Republicans in the early days…

aggressive behaviour: The nature of animal aggression: Aggression sometimes occurs when parents defend their young from attack by members of their own species. Female mice, for example, defend their pups against hostile neighbours, while male stickleback fish defend eggs and fry against cannibalistic attack. More frequently, however, animals fight over resources such as food and shelter—e.g., vultures…

international trade: National defense: …argument is fairly clear: the national-defense argument is frequently a red herring, an attempt to “wrap oneself in the flag,” and insofar as an industry is essential, the tariff is a dubious means of ensuring its survival. Economists say instead that essential industries ought to be given a direct subsidy…

baseball: Records and statistics: …delicate balance between offense and defense, statistics also reveal much of baseball’s history on the playing field. Lengthening the pitching distance to 60 feet 6 inches (18.4 meters) in 1893 initially touched off an offensive barrage. But increasing the size of the plate in 1900, counting the first two foul…

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), U.S. government agency created in 1958 to facilitate research in technology with potential military applications. Most of DARPA’s projects are classified secrets, but many of its military innovations have had great influence in the civilian world,

procedural law: The role of defense counsel: The defense lawyer has a double function in the investigation phase of the criminal process: to assist the suspect in gathering exonerating evidence and to protect him from violations of his rights at the hands of law-enforcement personnel. All legal systems grant the…

France-Soir, daily newspaper published in Paris. Formerly titled Défense de la France (“Defense of France”), it was founded as an underground paper during the German occupation of France in World War II, and after the war it emerged as a journal of mass appeal. Renamed France-Soir, the newspaper

Pierre Poujade: …Commerçants et des Artisans (Union for the Defense of Tradesmen and Artisans). Poujadisme, as his movement was called, succeeded in reducing tax collection drastically in the south of France and resulted in various tax concessions by the National Assembly in 1955. His support came predominantly from discontented peasants and…

defense economics, field of national economic management concerned with the economic effects of military expenditure, the management of economics in wartime, and the management of peacetime military budgets. There is no such thing as an inexpensive war. First, there is the human cost in loss of

Joachim du Bellay: …de la langue française (The Defence & Illustration of the French Language).

sabermetrics: Bill James and the advent of sabermetrics: McCracken’s Defense Independent Pitching Statistics (DIPS) theory suggested that a pitcher had significant control over walks, strikeouts, and home runs, but if the batter hit the ball into the field of play, most of what happened next was due to luck, at least from the pitcher’s…

Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), the primary gatherer and producer of military intelligence in the United States. It was established on October 1, 1961, by direction of the U.S. secretary of defense to act as the central intelligence manager for the Department of Defense and to support the

map: World status of mapping and basic data: The Defense Mapping Agency, through agreement with the British Admiralty and other chart-producing countries, maintains worldwide coverage that is constantly updated. The National Ocean Service (originally Survey) maintains charts of U.S. coastal waters. The International Hydrographic Organization (until 1967 Bureau), based at Monaco, attempts to stimulate…

defense mechanism, in psychoanalytic theory, any of a group of mental processes that enables the mind to reach compromise solutions to conflicts that it is unable to resolve. The process is usually unconscious, and the compromise generally involves concealing from oneself internal drives or

Western philosophy: Common-sense philosophy: …philosophy was Moore’s paper “A Defense of Common Sense” (1925). Against skepticism, Moore argued that he and other human beings have known many propositions about the world to be true with certainty. Among these propositions are: “The Earth has existed for many years” and “Many human beings have existed…

Elliott Carter: …pieces from the early 1940s—The Defense of Corinth for narrator, men’s chorus, and two pianos (1941) and Symphony No. 1 (1942)—were especially representative work of that period.

Committee for the Defense of Legitimate Rights, Sunnite Muslim group opposed to the ruling Saud dynasty in Saudi Arabia. The group was founded in 1992 and consists largely of academics and lower-level Muslim clergy. It considers itself a pressure group for peaceful reform and for improving human

Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), federal law in force from 1996 to 2013 that specifically denied to same-sex couples all benefits and recognition given to opposite-sex couples. Those benefits included more than 1,000 federal protections and privileges, such as the legal recognition of relationships,

The Defence of Poesie, literary criticism by Sir Philip Sidney, written about 1582 and published posthumously in 1595. Another edition of the work, published the same year, is titled An Apologie for Poetrie. Considered the finest work of Elizabethan literary criticism, Sidney’s elegant essay

Associations for the Defense of Rights, patriotic league formed in Anatolia and in Thrace in 1918, after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I. Its purposes were to defend Turkey against foreign occupation and to preserve its territorial integrity, and it served as the political

John Milton: Antimonarchical tracts: …imbued with personal invective, Milton’s Defense of the English People Against Salmasius (1651), a Latin tract, fastens on inconsistencies in Salmasius’s argument. Milton echoes much of what he had propounded in earlier tracts: that the execution of a monarch is supported by authorities from Classical antiquity to the early modern…

Albanian League, first Albanian nationalist organization. Formed at Prizren (now in Kosovo) on July 1, 1878, the league, initially supported by the Ottoman Turks, tried to influence the Congress of Berlin, which was formulating a peace settlement following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 and which

Pierre Poujade: …Commerçants et des Artisans (Union for the Defense of Tradesmen and Artisans). Poujadisme, as his movement was called, succeeded in reducing tax collection drastically in the south of France and resulted in various tax concessions by the National Assembly in 1955. His support came predominantly from discontented peasants and…

Defense Production Act (DPA), U.S. federal legislation, enacted on September 8, 1950, and regularly reauthorized, that grants to the president various temporary powers to intervene in the national economy to ensure or expedite the production of goods, services, and resources which he or she deems

fight-or-flight response, response to an acute threat to survival that is marked by physical changes, including nervous and endocrine changes, that prepare a human or an animal to react or to retreat. The functions of this response were first described in the early 1900s by American neurologist and

marketing: The military establishment: …which purchases primarily through the Defense Logistics Agency and the army, navy, and air force. The Defense Logistics Agency operates distribution centres that specialize in construction, electronics, fuel, personnel support, and industrial and general supplies.

Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), agency within the United States Department of Defense charged with protecting the United States and its allies from the threat of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), such as chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons, and high-yield explosives.

Yaacov Agam: …musical fountain situated in the Quartier de la Défense, Paris (1975), and the world’s largest menorah (32 feet [9.75 metres]) in Manhattan, New York (1977). The work was inspired by the original menorah in the Holy Temple of Jerusalem.

Vladimir Nabokov: Novels: The Defense, Lolita, and The Gift: His chess novel, The Defense, followed two years later and won him recognition as the best of the younger Russian émigré writers. In the next five years he produced four novels and a novella. Of these, Despair and Invitation to a Beheading were his first works of importance…

U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), executive division of the U.S. federal government responsible for ensuring national security and supervising U.S. military forces. Based in the Pentagon, it includes the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the departments of the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Air Force, and

Maximilien Robespierre: Leadership of the Jacobins: …him, Robespierre founded a newspaper, Le Défenseur de la Constitution (“Defense of the Constitution”), which strengthened his hand. He attacked Lafayette, who had become the commander of the French army and whom he suspected of wanting to set up a military dictatorship, but failed to obtain his dismissal and arrest.

Johann Clauberg: …of pursuing knowledge in his Defensio Cartesiana (1652). He sought again to refute Revius in his Initiatio Philosophi (1655). In Exercitationes Centum de Cognitione Dei et Nostri (1656; “One Hundred Exercises on the Knowledge of God and Ourselves”), he proceeded from his proof for the existence of God based on…

agency: Modern developments: In another work, Defensio Fidei Catholicae, Grotius added, in a theological context, that the principle of agency is based not on essential natural law but on nonessential natural law; that is, agency is not demanded by the nature of things but must only correspond to and be adapted…

Francisco Suárez: …et Statu Religionis (1608–09) and Defensio Fidei Catholicae (1613), opposing Anglican theologians who defended the claim of kings to rule as God’s earthly representatives. This theory, the divine right of kings, was advanced in England at the time by James I, who subsequently burned Suárez’ Defensio on the steps of…

Claudius Salmasius: At whose instigation he wrote Defensio Regia pro Carolo I (“Defense of the Reign of Charles I”), which was published anonymously in November 1649, is not clear, but it seems certain that Charles II paid for the printing. The work contains, in contradiction to Salmasius’ earlier views, a defense of…

Thomism: The 14th and 15th centuries: His Four Books of Defenses of the Theology of Thomas Aquinas (1409–33) inspired numerous other writings by philosophers and theologians drawing mainly from the works of Aquinas. Another Dominican scholar, Antoninus of Florence, discussed in specialized treatises various ethical issues arising from Aquinas’s philosophy. Another Florentine…

You’ve probably noticed that at every turn of the economic cycle, active money managers tend to shift their investment game plan, rebalancing their portfolios to get the best or safest exposure in response to a changing economic environment. When these changes take place, you’ll often hear of a

hostile architecture, urban design strategy that uses elements of the built environment to guide or restrict certain behaviors in public spaces, such as sleeping, skateboarding, using illicit substances, urinating in public, and loitering. Such design elements tend to target not only skateboarders

aggressive behaviour: The nature of animal aggression: Aggression sometimes occurs when parents defend their young from attack by members of their own species. Female mice, for example, defend their pups against hostile neighbours, while male stickleback fish defend eggs and fry against cannibalistic attack. More frequently, however, animals fight over resources such as food and shelter—e.g., vultures…

nuclear strategy: Conventional strategy: …proposed nonprovocative strategies based on “defensive defense,” which would lack any capability to go on the offensive. Those ideas proved difficult to turn into practice, as any sort of mobile force could move forward, and few armies would tolerate being deprived of their capacity to counterattack.

patent troll: …to a practice called “defensive patenting,” in which companies amass portfolios of patents to protect themselves against lawsuits. For example, in 2011 the search engine company Google announced plans to buy the cell phone company Motorola Mobility. As a key factor in the acquisition, Google specifically cited its wish…

economic integration: Reactive regionalism: Reactive regionalism is also referred to as defensive regionalism, suggesting that states choose to pursue economic integration to protect their shared interests from a specific or nebulous external threat. In a historical context, reactive regionalism was viewed by developing countries as a technique…

tactics: The power of the defense: The last years of the 19th century witnessed the development of automatic weapons in the form of machine guns. Artillery, too, was revolutionized by the addition of recoil mechanisms, which obviated the need to resight the guns after each round and therefore permitted much…

hostile architecture, urban design strategy that uses elements of the built environment to guide or restrict certain behaviors in public spaces, such as sleeping, skateboarding, using illicit substances, urinating in public, and loitering. Such design elements tend to target not only skateboarders

Marsilius Of Padua: …Italian political philosopher whose work Defensor pacis (“Defender of the Peace”), one of the most original treatises on political theory produced during the Middle Ages, significantly influenced the modern idea of the state. He has been variously considered a forerunner of the Protestant Reformation and an architect both of the…

Jay DeFeo was an American painter, sculptor, and jewelry maker associated with Surrealism and Abstract Expressionism. She is best known for her masterpiece titled The Rose, a work that took her eight years to complete. DeFeo grew up in the San Francisco Bay area and in Colorado, shuttled between

Jay DeFeo was an American painter, sculptor, and jewelry maker associated with Surrealism and Abstract Expressionism. She is best known for her masterpiece titled The Rose, a work that took her eight years to complete. DeFeo grew up in the San Francisco Bay area and in Colorado, shuttled between

Nicolaus Copernicus: Copernicus’s astronomical work: …circles of larger radius (deferents); and equants. The equant, however, broke with the main assumption of ancient astronomy because it separated the condition of uniform motion from that of constant distance from the centre. A planet viewed from the centre c of its orbit would appear to move sometimes…

Alvin E. Roth: …inspiration in the so-called “deferred acceptance” algorithm, a set of rules devised in the 1960s by Shapley and American economist David Gale for ensuring that pairs of players in a freely trading system are efficiently matched up. In the mid-1990s Roth and colleagues modified the algorithm to improve a…

DACA, U.S. federal government policy established in 2012 through executive action by Pres. Barack Obama that allowed young unauthorized immigrants who were brought into the United States as children and did not have citizenship or legal residency to remain in the country with temporary lawful

Annuities are financial products sold by insurance companies that help retirees generate a guaranteed stream of lifetime income. Annuities come in two varieties: immediate and deferred. As the names suggest, you receive funds from an immediate annuity sooner than a deferred one. Annuities can add a

No-interest financing, often advertised as a 0% annual percentage rate (APR), is a common credit card promotion that lets you make a purchase now and pay it off over time without interest—as long as you qualify and meet the terms. It sounds like a great deal. You avoid interest charges, and

rebate: So-called deferred, or exclusive patronage, rebates are popular for large vendors of perishables, of certain services, and of consumer durable goods. To receive a rebate the purchaser must agree to buy certain goods or services exclusively from a particular vendor for a fixed period, usually ranging…

Marie de Vichy-Chamrond, marquise du Deffand was a woman of letters and a leading figure in French society. She was born of a noble family, educated at a convent in Paris, and married at 21 to her kinsman Jean-Baptiste de La Lande, Marquis du Deffand, from whom she separated in 1722. She was by

Joachim du Bellay: …de la langue française (The Defence & Illustration of the French Language).

Gaston Defferre was a French politician, Socialist Party leader, and longtime mayor of Marseille (1944–45, 1953–86). Son of a lawyer (avocat), Defferre studied at the Faculty of Law in Aix-en-Provence and practiced law from 1931. During World War II he served in the resistance and was briefly mayor

Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber: In Le Défi américain (1967; The American Challenge) he warned against Europe’s becoming merely an economic colony of the United States. An immediate best seller, the work was eventually translated into more than 20 languages.

Defiance, city, seat (1845) of Defiance county, northwestern Ohio, U.S., where the Auglaize and Tiffin rivers meet the Maumee, 55 miles (89 km) southwest of Toledo. Laid out in 1829, Defiance became a market for the farm produce of the Maumee valley and developed industrially after the completion

Daniel Craig: Roles as a supporting actor: …during World War II in Defiance (2008).

The Defiant Ones, American dramatic film, released in 1958, that was considered provocative at the time because of its focus on racism and its call for racial harmony. In the racially segregated South, convicts John (“Joker”) Jackson (played by Tony Curtis) and Noah Cullen (Sidney Poitier) are

defibrillation, the administration of electric shocks to the heart in order to reset normal heart rhythm in persons who are experiencing cardiac arrest or whose heart function is endangered because of severe arrhythmia (abnormality of heart rhythm). There are several different kinds of

nutritional disease: Vitamins: Although deficiency diseases have been described in laboratory animals and humans deprived of single vitamins, in human experience multiple deficiencies are usually present simultaneously. The eight B-complex vitamins function in coordination in numerous enzyme systems and metabolic pathways; thus, a deficiency of one may affect the…

number game: Perfect numbers and Mersenne numbers: …than the number; in a deficient number, the sum of its proper divisors is less than the number. A perfect number is an integer that equals the sum of its proper divisors. For example, 24 is abundant, its divisors giving a sum of 36; 32 is deficient, giving a sum…

deficit financing, practice in which a government spends more money than it receives as revenue, the difference being made up by borrowing or minting new funds. Although budget deficits may occur for numerous reasons, the term usually refers to a conscious attempt to stimulate the economy by

formal logic: Definite descriptions: …“the so-and-so” is called a definite description; and (ιx), known as a description operator, can be thought of as forming a name of an individual out of a proposition form. (ιx) is analogous to a quantifier in that, when prefixed to a wff α, it binds every free occurrence of…

analysis: The Riemann integral: ) The task of analysis is to provide not a computational method but a sound logical foundation for limiting processes. Oddly enough, when it comes to formalizing the integral, the most difficult part is to define the term area. It is easy to define…

law of definite proportions, statement that every chemical compound contains fixed and constant proportions (by mass) of its constituent elements. Although many experimenters had long assumed the truth of the principle in general, the French chemist Joseph-Louis Proust first accumulated conclusive

S.S. Schmucker: In his Definite Synodical Platform (published anonymously in 1855) he reinterpreted the Augsburg Confession in terms of 19th-century liberal theology, Pentecostal piety, and the need for a distinctly American version of Lutheranism that would be integrated with other churches. He collaborated in organizing the Evangelical Alliance (1846)…

Ryan Reynolds: Hollywood career: …Change-Up (2011); the romantic comedies Definitely, Maybe (2008) with Rachel Weisz and The Proposal (2009) opposite Sandra Bullock; and the action movies Smokin’ Aces (2006), X-Men Origins: Wolverine (2009), Green Lantern (2011), R.I.P.D. (2013),

Uralic languages: Noun inflection: The category of definiteness (like English “the”) is marked in numerous ways in the modern languages and originally appears to have been tied to the manner of number marking in Uralic (plural being reflected by indefiniteness). Hungarian alone has a definite article, a(z), a demonstrative in origin; Mordvin…

definition, In philosophy, the specification of the meaning of an expression relative to a language. Definitions may be classified as lexical, ostensive, and stipulative. Lexical definition specifies the meaning of an expression by stating it in terms of other expressions whose meaning is assumed

Aristotelianism: Relationship to Neoplatonism: These were the concepts of genus, or kind (as animal is the genus, or kind, under which Socrates falls); species, or sort (Socrates is a man); differentia, or distinguishing characteristic (rationality distinguishes humans from other members of the genus animal); property (being capable of laughter was said to be a…

Hermann Kantorowicz: Buckland); and The Definition of Law (written 1938, published 1958), in which he elaborated the statement that law is “a body of rules prescribing external conduct and considered justiciable.”

explosive: Types of chemical explosives: …explosives and (2) deflagrating, or low, explosives. Detonating explosives, such as TNT and dynamite, are characterized by extremely rapid decomposition and development of high pressure, whereas deflagrating explosives, such as black and smokeless powders, involve merely fast burning and produce relatively low pressures. Under certain conditions, such as the use…

Tom Brady: New England Patriots: …season for his role in Deflategate and for not fully cooperating with the NFL’s investigation into the matter. Brady and his lawyers appealed the suspension, arguing that NFL commissioner Roger Goodell had overstepped the bounds of the collective-bargaining agreement between the league and the players’ union in handing down the…

capital and interest: The accumulation process: …to be little doubt that deflation, mainly because it shifts the distribution of income away from the profit maker toward the rentier and bondholder, has a deleterious effect on investment and the growth of capital. In 1932, for instance, real investment had practically ceased in the United States. It is…

deflation, in geology, erosion by wind of loose material from flat areas of dry, uncemented sediments such as those occurring in deserts, dry lake beds, floodplains, and glacial outwash plains. Clay and silt-sized particles are picked up by turbulent eddies in wind and may be carried for hundreds

respiratory system: The lung: …or active, energy during the deflation process supplies part of the force needed for the expulsion of gases. A portion of the energy put into expansion is thus recovered during deflation. The elastic properties of the lungs have been studied by inflating them with air or liquid and measuring the…

deflation: …to deflation may result in deflation hollows or blowouts. These may range from 3 m (10 feet) in diameter and less than a metre deep to several kilometres in diameter and several hundred metres in depth. The Big Hollow in Wyoming was formed by deflation and is 14.5 km (9…

international payment and exchange: Monetary and fiscal measures: …reduce domestic demand (commonly called deflationary policies) would cause unemployment. Some hold that, if there is an external deficit, deflationary policies should be pursued to whatever extent may be needed to eliminate the deficit. Others hold that such a policy is socially unacceptable.

truth: Deflationism: Philosophers before Tarski, including Gottlob Frege and Frank Ramsey, had suspected that the key to understanding truth lay in the odd fact that putting “It is true that…” in front of an assertion changes almost nothing. It is true that snow is white if…

helicopter: Convertiplanes: …first of these are the deflected thrust type, in which large propellers exert thrust against a wing deflected into a broad arc. The second type is the tilt wing. In these aircraft, the wing is rotated to point the propellers vertically for takeoff and landing, then adjusted for horizontal flight…

television: Deflection coils: Scanning is accomplished by two sets of electromagnet coils. These coils must be precisely designed to preserve the focus of the scanning spot no matter where it falls on the screen, and the magnetic fields they produce must be so distributed that deflections…