Coen brothers: …meditation on good and evil, No Country for Old Men, an adaptation of Cormac McCarthy’s novel of the same name. The film won four Academy Awards, and the Coens received Oscars for best picture, best director, and best adapted screenplay. They followed that with Burn After Reading (2008), a CIA…

Cormac McCarthy: No Country for Old Men and The Road: …The Border Trilogy, McCarthy published No Country for Old Men (2005), a bloody modern western that opens with a drug deal gone bad. In the postapocalyptic The Road (2006), a father and son struggle to survive after a disaster (left unspecified) that has all but destroyed the United States. Critics…

Julia O’Faolain: No Country for Young Men (1980), set in Dublin, traces three generations of an Irish family. The Obedient Wife (1982), in which an Italian woman ends her affair with a priest and returns to her husband, is set in Los Angeles. The novel The Judas…

William Penn: Quaker leadership and political activism: …wrote his most famous book, No Cross, No Crown (1669). In this work he expounded the Quaker-Puritan morality with eloquence, learning, and flashes of humour, condemning the worldliness and luxury of Restoration England and extolling both Puritan conceptions of ascetic self-denial and Quaker ideals of social reform. No Cross, No…

African American literature: The 1940s: Saunders Redding’s No Day of Triumph (1942), the story of an alienated Northern professional’s quest for redemptive immersion in Southern Black working-class communities; and Wright’s Black Boy.

Martin Scorsese: Films of the 2000s: Gangs of New York, The Aviator, and The Departed: No Direction Home: Bob Dylan (2005) was a wide-ranging exploration of the iconic singer-songwriter, and the concert film Shine a Light (2008) starred the Rolling Stones.

the Cars: Reunion and legacy: …several popular acts, including Hole, No Doubt, and Bad Religion. After Orr died in 2000 from pancreatic cancer, Ocasek and Robinson declined an invitation to reunite with their former bandmates; however, during the mid-2000s Hawkes and Easton joined American musician Todd Rundgren in a short-lived band called the New Cars.…

Martin Ritt: First films: Ritt’s follow-up film, No Down Payment (1957), was a forgettable glossy soap opera set in the suburbs. More typical of Ritt’s work to come was The Long, Hot Summer (1958). Scripted by Harriet Frank, Jr., and Irving Ravetch, with whom Ritt would collaborate repeatedly, the film was a…

Pierce Brosnan: …next year Brosnan appeared in No Escape as an undercover British agent who assists a family in escaping from a fictional Asian country in the midst of a coup.

No Exit, one-act philosophical drama by Jean-Paul Sartre, performed in 1944 and published in 1945. Its original, French title, Huis clos, is sometimes also translated as In Camera or Dead End. The play proposes that “hell is other people” rather than a state created by God. The play begins with a

Blondie: …they released a new album, No Exit, the following year. Blondie continued to tour sporadically. The band’s later albums include The Curse of Blondie (2004), Panic of Girls (2011), and Pollinator (2017). In 2006 the group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2024 the U.S.…

Arletty: …screen version of Jean-Paul Sartre’s No Exit (Huits-clos, 1954) and a cameo role in one of the few films she made for a non-French company, The Longest Day (1962). Although by 1963 she had become almost blind, she eventually returned to the stage, notably in the leading role in Jean…

Garth Brooks: In 1990 Brooks released No Fences, a blockbuster that sold more than 17 million copies on the strength of singles such as “Friends in Low Places.” While his music blurred the line between pop and country, his live performances eschewed country traditions altogether, embracing instead the spectacle of 1970s…

Japanese music: Onstage music: If the Noh flute is used as well, it is restricted to cadence signals; if a simple bamboo flute (takebue or shinobue) is substituted, it plays an ornamented (ashirai) version of the tune. There are many sections, however, in which the drum patterns and Noh flute melodies…

the Chemical Brothers: For No Geography (2019), the duo won another Grammy for best dance/electronic album, and the single “Got to Keep On” took the Grammy for best dance recording.

Bob Rafelson: Films of the late 1980s and beyond: Yet another film noir, No Good Deed (2002)—starring Samuel L. Jackson as a policeman who is captured and then held hostage by a gang readying itself for a big score—was Rafelson’s last major release as director as he stepped away from the director’s chair in the early 21st century.

Taraji P. Henson: …All by Myself (both 2009), No Good Deed (2014), and Term Life (2016).

Alistair MacLeod: MacLeod’s long-awaited first novel, No Great Mischief, was published in 2000. It was written over the course of 13 years and chronicles the lives of several generations of Scottish immigrants on Cape Breton. MacLeod was the first Canadian writer to receive the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award (2001). Until…

Frank Borzage: Freelancing after Fox: No Greater Glory (1934) is a sentimental tale of a boy (George Breakston) who overcomes his ill health to join a gang. Of more import was Little Man, What Now? (1934), with Margaret Sullavan and Douglass Montgomery as newlyweds navigating the difficulties of being poor…

Pedro Calderón de la Barca: Secular plays: …Is Not Always True”) and No hay cosa como callar (1639; “Silence Is Golden”) mark the peak of this development; although the conventions of comedy remain, the overtones are tragic. Both plays also implicitly criticize the accepted code of honour. Calderón’s rejection of the rigid assumptions of the code of…

Henry Koster: The 1950s: No Highway in the Sky (1951) was a departure for Koster. The thriller (adapted from the Nevil Shute novel) starred Stewart as an engineer who discovers a fatal flaw in a new model of aircraft but has trouble convincing others of his theory; Marlene Dietrich…

Chantal Akerman: Akerman’s final work, No Home Movie (2015), consisted of conversations with her mother recorded shortly before the latter’s death in 2014. Akerman had long struggled with depression, and she committed suicide in 2015.

Naomi Klein: No Is Not Enough: Resisting Trump’s Shock Politics and Winning the World We Need (2017) was written in response to the administration of U.S. Pres. Donald Trump. Klein’s later books included The Battle for Paradise: Puerto Rico Takes on the Disaster Capitalists (2018), which focused…

Edmund Hillary: …Antarctica (1958; with Fuchs) and No Latitude for Error (1961). On his expedition of Antarctica in 1967, he was among those who scaled Mount Herschel (10,941 feet [3,335 meters]) for the first time. In 1977 he led the first jet boat expedition up the Ganges River and continued by climbing…

English literature: Fiction: Britain was Angus Wilson’s No Laughing Matter (1967), a book that set a triumphant seal on his progress from a writer of acidic short stories to a major novelist whose work unites 19th-century breadth and gusto with 20th-century formal versatility and experiment.

U2: …releasing its 12th studio album, No Line on the Horizon (2009). Longtime collaborators Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois played a bigger role in the production and songwriting, and the layered textures of the album’s most experimental work crept back prominently in the mix.

Naomi Klein: In 2000 Klein published No Logo, an analysis of the marketing and branding practices of global corporations. It examined the ways in which contemporary capitalism sought to reframe individuals’ consciousnesses along branded lines. No Logo was translated into dozens of languages, and it made Klein into an international media…

Chinua Achebe: In the sequel No Longer at Ease (1960) he portrayed a newly appointed civil servant, recently returned from university study in England, who is unable to sustain the moral values he believes to be correct in the face of the obligations and temptations of his new position.

Wesley Ruggles: The sound era: His films from 1932 include No Man of Her Own, a solid romance with Clark Gable and Carole Lombard; it marked the only time those actors—who later became romantically involved and were married from 1939 to 1942, when Lombard died in a plane crash—acted together on-screen. The Monkey’s Paw (1933)…

Mitchell Leisen: Films of the 1950s and ’60s: The first is No Man of Her Own (1950), a tense film noir adaptation of William Irish’s novel I Married a Dead Man (1948), in which Stanwyck starred as a woman who is blackmailed after playing her mistaken identity for all it is worth. In the second, The…

Christmas Truce: …both the trenches and the No Man’s Land that separated them into a cold, muddy morass. For those on the Western Front, daily life was miserable, but it was a misery that was shared by enemies who were, in some places, separated by 50 yards (46 metres) or less. The…

Juan Carlos Onetti: …novel Tierra de nadie (1942; No Man’s Land) Onetti again presents a nihilistic view of city life devoid of any spiritual meaning.

English literature: Drama: Caretaker (1960), The Homecoming (1965), No Man’s Land (1975), and Moonlight (1993) are potent dramas of menace in which a slightly surreal atmosphere contrasts with and undermines dialogue of tape-recorder authenticity. Joe Orton’s anarchic black comedies—Entertaining Mr. Sloane (1964), Loot (1967), and

Morley Callaghan: …Morley Callaghan’s Stories (1959) and No Man’s Meat and The Enchanted Pimp (1978).

José Emilio Pacheco: …cómo pasa el tiempo (1969; Don’t Ask Me How the Time Goes By) includes poems in which there is a nostalgic desire to relive the past, sometimes coupled with a fine sense of irony. The short stories in El principio del placer (1972; “The Pleasure Principle”) are united by the…

Mary J. Blige: Music career: No More Drama (2001), Blige’s fifth studio album, presents an artist who is happy with the woman she has become. That album spawned the irresistible number one single, “Family Affair,” which spent six weeks at the top of the charts. Her 2006 release, Reflections (2006),…

Ozzy Osbourne: Ozzfest and reunion with Black Sabbath: …Coming Home” from the album No More Tears (1991), and in 1993 he won a Grammy Award for best metal performance for the song “I Don’t Want to Change the World.” Despite announcing his retirement in 1992, he continued recording through the decade. Ozzfest, an annual summer music festival featuring…

Linus Pauling: Humanitarian activities of Linus Pauling: …also promulgated through his book No More War! (1958), a passionate analysis of the implications of nuclear war for humanity. In 1960 he was called upon to defend his actions regarding a test ban before a congressional subcommittee. By refusing to reveal the names of those who had helped him…

Gary Snyder: No Nature, consisting mostly of poems previously published in other volumes, was a finalist for the 1992 National Book Award. He also received critical acclaim for Mountains and Rivers Without End (1996), which completed a series that Snyder had begun writing in 1956. The collection…

Greta Thunberg: ” Her books include No One Is Too Small to Make a Difference (2019), a collection of her speeches, and The Climate Book: The Facts and the Solutions (2023). The documentary I Am Greta appeared in 2020.

Vidya Balan: Stardom: In No One Killed Jessica (2011), a true-crime tale of a woman searching for her sister’s killer, Balan and costar Rani Mukerji proved that a film without a male lead could be a commercial success.

Christopher Hitchens: Bill Clinton in No One Left to Lie To: The Triangulations of William Jefferson Clinton (1999) and documented what he perceived as the war crimes of former secretary of state Henry Kissinger in The Trial of Henry Kissinger (2001; film 2002). In addition to writing, he appeared regularly…

Gabriel García Márquez: Works: …tiene quien le escriba (1961; No One Writes to the Colonel); and a few short stories. Then came One Hundred Years of Solitude, in which García Márquez tells the story of Macondo, an isolated town whose history is like the history of Latin America on a reduced scale. While the…

Doris Kearns Goodwin: …Prize in history for her No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II (1994), and in 2005 she published Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, which focused on Lincoln’s management of his presidential cabinet. The book served as the primary source…

Chuck Berry: …the pop charts, including “No Particular Place to Go” in 1964, at the height of the British Invasion, whose prime movers, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones, were hugely influenced by Berry (as were the Beach Boys). In 1972 Berry achieved his first number one hit, “My

George Steiner: In 1996 Steiner published No Passion Spent: Essays 1978–1995, about language and its relation to both religion and literature.

African American literature: The turn of the 21st century: …of a Black hustler-poet in No Place to Be Somebody (produced 1969), Joseph A. Walker earned a prestigious Tony Award (presented by two American theater organizations) for the best play of 1973 for the smash Broadway hit The River Niger (produced 1972), and Charles H. Fuller, Jr., claimed a Pulitzer…

Brian Eno: No Pussyfooting (1973), a collaboration with guitarist Robert Fripp from King Crimson, used tape-echo and tape-delay techniques to create new sounds and reached the Top 30 in Britain. Eno’s next album, Here Come the Warm Jets (1973), was soon followed by the proto-punk single “Seven…

When two or more species in an ecosystem interact to each other’s benefit, the relationship is said to be mutualistic. The production of Brazil nuts and the regeneration of the trees that produce them provide an example of mutualism, and in this case the interaction also illustrates the importance

Kurosawa Akira: First films: …Waga seishun ni kuinashi (1946; No Regrets for Our Youth) portrays the history of Japanese militarism from 1933 through the end of the war in terms of a person executed on suspicion of espionage during the war. Of the many postwar films criticizing Japanese militarism, this was the most successful,…

Manuel Ferreira: …anthology of Lusophone African poetry, No reino de Caliban (1975–81; “On the Kingdom of Caliban”), contains more than 1,000 pages of biographical and historical information on Lusophone African literatures. He also published a two-volume history of African literatures written in Portuguese, Literaturas africanas de expressão portuguesa (1977). Ferreira was a…

Catherine Zeta-Jones: … (2005) and the romantic comedy No Reservations (2007) provided her with prominent roles. She returned the following decade in such films as the 1980s-set rock musical Rock of Ages (2012) and the romantic comedy Playing for Keeps (2012). In 2013 Zeta-Jones appeared in the crime thrillers Broken City, as the…

Rodney Dangerfield: A late-blooming career: …for his debut comedy album, No Respect, and in 1983 he released a popular song, “Rappin’ Rodney.” In 1993 he married his second wife, Joan Child.

Nowruz, festival celebrating the start of the new year on the Persian calendar. Nowruz, meaning “new day” in Persian (or Fārsī), occurs on the spring equinox, which is the first day of the month of Farvardīn on the Iranian calendar. The holiday usually falls on March 21 on the Gregorian calendar.

Ivan Klíma: …Ani svatí, ani andělé (2001; No Saints or Angels), about cultural and personal havoc in contemporary Prague. His biography of Čapek, The Life and Work of Karel Čapek, was published in 2002.

Carly Simon: …So Vain,” like the album No Secrets, reached number one on the Billboard chart in 1973. She eventually revealed the subject of the song to be actor Warren Beatty. She had a major hit with her album Hotcakes (1974), which included “Haven’t Got Time for the Pain” as well as…

Kenny Chesney: …pop-music elements, and many—such as No Shoes, No Shirt, No Problems (2002), All I Want for Christmas Is a Real Good Tan (2003), Lucky Old Sun (2008), and Hemingway’s Whiskey (2010)—were evocative of life in the tropics. Between 2000 and 2010, 10 of his albums reached the top spot on…

Justin Timberlake: The All New Mickey Mouse Club and *NSYNC: Its next effort, No Strings Attached (2000), became one of the fastest-selling albums in history, selling more than 14 million copies and featuring a string of hits, including the chart-topping “It’s Gonna Be Me.” Timberlake began his solo recording career in 2001 after the release of what was…

Natalie Portman: Black Swan and Thor series: …Kutcher in the romantic comedy No Strings Attached (2011) and portraying a warrior princess in the bawdy period comedy Your Highness (2011). Portman then appeared as an unfaithful wife in Terrence Malick’s Hollywood parable Knight of Cups (2015) and as a hard-bitten pioneer in the vengeance tale Jane Got a…

Are you or a loved one heading to college? Most people (at least 85%, according to the National Center for Education Statistics) will rely—at least in part—on financial aid to pay for college. Aid comes in several forms, including student loans, scholarships, work-study programs, and grants.

Steven Soderbergh: Later credits: Soderbergh’s next film, No Sudden Move (2021), featured Don Cheadle and Benicio Del Toro as small-time criminals in 1950s Detroit. In 2022 he helmed KIMI, a thriller about an agoraphobic tech analyst who believes she has heard a violent crime. The following year Soderbergh returned to the world…

Ama Ata Aidoo: In No Sweetness Here (1970), a collection of short stories, Aidoo exercised the oral element of storytelling, writing tales that are meant to be read aloud. These stories and Anowa (1970), another problem play, are concerned with Western influences on the role of women and on…

Noh theatre, traditional Japanese theatrical form and one of the oldest extant theatrical forms in the world. Noh—its name derived from nō, meaning “talent” or “skill”—is unlike Western narrative drama. Rather than being actors or “representers” in the Western sense, Noh performers are simply

Jerzy Kosinski: …with the Russians (1960) and No Third Path (1962), under the pen name Joseph Novak.

Burton Cummings: The Guess Who years: …as “These Eyes,” “Laughing,” “No Time,” “No Sugar Tonight,” and “American Woman” (the first song by a Canadian band to hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart) before Bachman’s departure in May 1970. While Bachman initially took Cummings under his wing, the relationship between the two became…

S.N. Behrman: In response, Behrman wrote No Time for Comedy (1939), in which the protagonist, an author of light comedy, criticizes himself for his failure to address effectively serious contemporary problems. His work is closely associated with the Theatre Guild.

Andy Griffith: …made his Broadway debut in No Time for Sergeants and earned a Tony Award nomination for his portrayal of an air force draftee. He reprised the role for the 1958 movie after having made a strong film debut in A Face in the Crowd (1957). Griffith received a second Tony…

Mervyn LeRoy: Return to Warner Brothers: Mister Roberts, The Bad Seed, and Gypsy: The hit service comedy No Time for Sergeants (1958) captured the spirit of Ira Levin’s Broadway show and laid the groundwork for Andy Griffith’s television career. Home Before Dark (1958) was a drama about a woman’s (Jean Simmons’s) efforts to readjust to a normal life after spending a year…

Nadine Gordimer: Her final novel, No Time like the Present (2012), follows veterans of the battle against apartheid as they deal with the issues facing modern South Africa.

Billie Eilish: Film work and Academy Awards: …(with FINNEAS) and performed “No Time to Die” for the James Bond film of the same name; it received the Oscar for best original song. In 2022 she collaborated with FINNEAS and composer Ludwig Göransson on the soundtrack for the Disney/Pixar animated film Turning Red, for which Eilish and…

Daniel Craig: Stardom as James Bond: (2012), Spectre (2015), and No Time to Die (2021), the latter being his last James Bond film.

Joseph Auslander: …works include Cyclops’ Eye (1926), No Traveler Returns (1933), and More Than Bread (1936); The Winged Horse Anthology (1929), which he coedited with F.E. Hill, became a classroom favorite. Auslander often wrote about war, and his poetry was used to sell U.S. war bonds during World War II. The Unconquerables…

Richard Howard: (1979), Lining Up (1984), No Traveller (1989), Selected Poems (1991), Without Saying (2008), and A Progressive Education (2014).

Mary Oliver: …Oliver’s first book of poetry, No Voyage and Other Poems (1963). These lyrical nature poems are set in a variety of locales, especially the Ohio of Oliver’s youth. Her childhood plays a more central role in The River Styx, Ohio, and Other Poems (1972), in which she attempted to re-create…

Sonic Youth: …height of the postpunk “no wave” movement (dissonant, noisy, experimental music generally created by untrained musicians). Both performed in the guitar orchestras of avant-garde composer Glenn Branca. In 1981 Sonic Youth formed, with Moore and Ranaldo on guitar and Moore’s girlfriend (later wife) Gordon on bass; the band went…

Sean Combs: Bad Boy Entertainment, Notorious B.I.G., and Puff Daddy: …murdered, and Combs’s first album, No Way Out—released that summer under the moniker Puff Daddy—included the Grammy Award-winning single “I’ll Be Missing You,” a musical eulogy featuring the voice of Wallace’s widow (singer Faith Evans) and the melody from the Police’s “Every Breath You Take.”

No Way Out, American film noir, released in 1950, that was among the first movies to deal directly with racism. It features the memorable film debut of Sidney Poitier. The taut narrative focuses on Ray Biddle (played by Richard Widmark), a bigoted white small-time crook who accuses an African

The Big Clock: …political Cold War thriller called No Way Out, starred Kevin Costner and Gene Hackman.

Rod Steiger: …a flair for disguise in No Way to Treat a Lady (1968). Most of Steiger’s later work—with the possible exception of W.C. Fields and Me (1976); The Player (1992), in which he portrayed himself; the TV miniseries Tales of the City (1993); and The Specialist—was not considered to have been…

Ishihara Shintarō: …Nō to ieru Nihon (The Japan That Can Say No). Intended for publication in Japan only, where it became a best seller—although it subsequently appeared in English without Morita’s comments—the essay argued that Japan should wean itself from its reliance on the United States and that Americans were guilty…

Nile River: Physiography of Nile River: …Sudan, joining the Al-Jabal at Lake No, a large lagoon where the main stream takes an easterly direction. The waters of the Al-Ghazāl undergo extensive loss through evaporation, and only a small proportion of them ever reach the Nile. A short distance above Malakal the main stream is joined by…

Martha Raye: …Hello, Dolly! (1967), and in No, No, Nanette (1972). Raye made few films in her later years, but she continued to work in burlesque shows, nightclubs, radio, and television. On TV she was well known for her "Big Mouth" advertisements for a dental adhesive. For working tirelessly with the United…

food additive: Toxicological testing and health concerns: …toxicological effects is called the no-effect level (NOEL). The NOEL is generally divided by 100 to determine a maximum acceptable daily intake (ADI).

adultery: …many states began to permit “no-fault” divorces, which do not require an injured party to prove specific misdeeds. Most American states allow couples to divorce on either a fault or a no-fault basis, and many use no-fault divorce exclusively. The shift to no-fault divorce significantly reduced the importance of adultery…

Nolan Ryan: …“Ryan Express,” pitched his seventh no-hit game, establishing another record. He also held the major league record for most games with 15 or more strikeouts in a career (26). In 1993 Ryan retired from baseball, and in 1999 he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. At the end…

Nolan Ryan: …“Ryan Express,” pitched his seventh no-hit game, establishing another record. He also held the major league record for most games with 15 or more strikeouts in a career (26). In 1993 Ryan retired from baseball, and in 1999 he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. At the end…

Japanese music: Onstage music: If the Noh flute is used as well, it is restricted to cadence signals; if a simple bamboo flute (takebue or shinobue) is substituted, it plays an ornamented (ashirai) version of the tune. There are many sections, however, in which the drum patterns and Noh flute melodies…

Hilary Putnam: Realism and meaning: …be known as the “no-miracle” argument for realism. Putnam was equally critical of conventionalism, the view that logic, mathematics, and extensive portions of science do not express truths but are based on human stipulations—i.e., convention.

baking: The straight-dough method: …the second mix, and the no-punch method, involving extremely vigorous mixing. The straight-dough method is rarely used for white breads because it is not sufficiently adaptable to allow compensation for fluctuations in ingredient properties.

Nowruz, festival celebrating the start of the new year on the Persian calendar. Nowruz, meaning “new day” in Persian (or Fārsī), occurs on the spring equinox, which is the first day of the month of Farvardīn on the Iranian calendar. The holiday usually falls on March 21 on the Gregorian calendar.

biting midge, (family Ceratopogonidae), any member of a family of small, bloodsucking insects in the fly order, Diptera, that are often serious pests along seashores, rivers, and lakes and may attack in great numbers and cause extreme discomfort. The nickname no-see-ums is descriptive, for,

no-till agriculture, cultivation technique in which the soil is disturbed only along the slit or in the hole into which the seeds are planted; reserved detritus from previous crops covers and protects the seedbed. The practice is one of several so-called “primitive farming” methods that have been

no-till agriculture, cultivation technique in which the soil is disturbed only along the slit or in the hole into which the seeds are planted; reserved detritus from previous crops covers and protects the seedbed. The practice is one of several so-called “primitive farming” methods that have been

baking: No-time methods: One set of procedures intended to eliminate the traditional bulk fermentation step are the “no-time” methods. Popular in the United Kingdom and Australia, these processes generally require an extremely energy-intensive mixing step, sometimes performed in a partially vacuumized chamber. Rather high additions of…

telephone: Electromechanical switching: …system, however, was the AT&T No. 1 crossbar system, first installed in Brooklyn, N.Y., in 1938. A series of improved versions followed the No. 1 crossbar system, the most notable being the No. 5 system. First deployed in 1948, the No. 5 crossbar system became the workhorse of the Bell…

telephone: Electronic switching: …1965, became known as the No. 1 ESS. The No. 1 ESS employed a special type of reed switch known as a ferreed. Normally, a reed switch is constructed of two thin metal strips, or reeds, which are sealed in a glass tube. When an electromagnetic coil surrounding the tube…

Alexander McCall Smith: …the latter that the novel The No. 1 Ladies’ Detective Agency emerged. First published in Great Britain in 1998, it sold slowly at first, and it did not appear in the United States until 2002, after McCall Smith had already published two more books centred on Mma Ramotswe (Mma being…

telephone: Digital switching: …United States was the AT&T-designed No. 4 ESS, placed into service in 1976. The No. 4 ESS was a toll system capable of serving a maximum of 53,760 two-way trunk circuits. It was soon followed by several other time-division systems for switching local calls. Among these was the AT&T No.…

telephone: Digital switching: Among these was the AT&T No. 5 ESS, improved versions of which could handle 100,000 lines.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. governmental agency established in 1970 within the Department of Commerce to study Earth’s oceans, atmosphere, and coastal areas insofar as they affect the land surface and coastal regions of the United States. The organization is