Vancouver: The contemporary city: In 2009 the Tsawwassen people initiated through their economic development corporation a project to construct an industrial park in the suburb of Delta, just south of Vancouver, on their lands abutting the Strait of Georgia. First Nations workers from the entire metropolitan area were to be employed in…

tuberous sclerosis, autosomal dominant disorder marked by the formation of widespread benign tumors throughout the body. This disease has a well-established molecular link, which stems from defects or mutations in either of two genes—TSC1 or TSC2—that cause uncontrolled cell growth. Eighty percent

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky was the most popular Russian composer of all time. His music has always had great appeal for the general public in virtue of its tuneful, open-hearted melodies, impressive harmonies, and colourful, picturesque orchestration, all of which evoke a profound emotional response.

chimpanzee: Taxonomy: troglodytes are recognized: the tschego, or Central African chimpanzee (P. troglodytes troglodytes), also known as the common chimpanzee in continental Europe; the West African, or masked, chimpanzee (P. troglodytes verus), known as the common chimpanzee in Great Britain; the East African, or long-haired, chimpanzee (P. troglodytes schweinfurthii); and the…

Erich Tschermak von Seysenegg was an Austrian botanist, one of the co-discoverers of Gregor Mendel’s classic papers on his experiments with the garden pea. Tschermak interrupted his studies in Vienna to work at the Rotvorwerk Farm near Freiberg, Saxony. He completed his education at the University

pyroxene: Chemical composition: … for Si4+ yields the ideal tschermakite component MgAlSiAlO6.

Anton Frederik Tscherning was a military reformer and radical champion of democracy in mid-19th-century Denmark. While still an artillery officer in the Danish army, Tscherning developed a hatred for his country’s absolutist regime. Leaving the military in the early 1840s, he became a founder in

Jan Tschichold was a German typographer and author who played a seminal role in the development of 20th-century graphic design and typography. The son of a sign painter, Tschichold trained as a calligrapher and designer at the Leipzig Academy of Graphic Arts and Book Production (1919–21) and then

pottery: Porcelain: …about 1707 in Saxony, when Ehrenfried Walter von Tschirnhaus, assisted by an alchemist called Johann Friedrich Böttger, substituted ground feldspathic rock for the ground glass in the soft porcelain formula. Soft porcelain, always regarded as a substitute for hard porcelain, was progressively discontinued because it was uneconomic; kiln wastage was…

brontosaurus: Taxonomic controversy: …2015 study by Swiss paleontologist Emanuel Tschopp and colleagues estimated that an average-sized Brontosaurus weighed 30.5 tonnes (33.6 tons). In contrast, the average Apatosaurus was heavier, weighing an estimated 41.3 tonnes (45.4 tons), and longer, measuring up to 27.4 metres (90 feet) from head to tail.

Gilg Tschudi was a Swiss humanist and scholar, the author of a chronicle of Swiss history that was used as a source by many subsequent writers, including Friedrich Schiller. Though a pupil of the religious reformer Huldrych Zwingli, Tschudi remained a convinced and militant Roman Catholic; and his

Acropolis Museum: Designed by Swiss American architect Bernard Tschumi, the structure was intended to resemble the nearby Parthenon. In addition to adjusting the dimensions and modeling the columns to mirror those of the Parthenon exactly, Tschumi’s design also incorporated seismic technology in anticipation of the region’s frequent earthquakes. Among the museum’s many…

rubber: The rise of synthetic rubber: Farben by Walter Bock and Eduard Tschunkur, who synthesized a rubbery copolymer of styrene and butadiene in 1929, using an emulsion process. The Germans referred to this rubber as Buna S; the British called it SBR, or styrene-butadiene rubber. Because styrene and butadiene can be made from petroleum, grain alcohol,…

reptile: Embryonic development and parental care: Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), discovered in the early 1970s, is the most researched of these factors. The sex of the offspring in species with TSD is influenced by the temperature during one critical period of incubation, instead of by hereditary factors. In most turtles females…

hazardous-waste management: Transport of hazardous waste: …requires transport to an approved treatment, storage, or disposal facility (TSDF). Because of potential threats to public safety and the environment, transport is given special attention by governmental agencies. In addition to the occasional accidental spill, hazardous waste has, in the past, been intentionally spilled or abandoned at random locations…

Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), the largest stock exchange in Canada and one of the largest in North America. It opened in 1861 with 18 stock listings and has since become an innovator in securities-trading technology. The Toronto Stock Exchange, which originally used the acronym TSE, was the first

Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE), the main stock market of Japan, located in Tokyo, and one of the world’s largest marketplaces for securities. The exchange was first opened in 1878 to provide a market for the trading of government bonds that had been newly issued to former samurai. At first, government

tsetse fly, (genus Glossina), any of about two to three dozen species of bloodsucking flies in the housefly family, Muscidae (order Diptera), that occur only in Africa and transmit sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis) in humans and a similar disease called nagana in domestic animals. Tsetse

Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal was a Mongolian political leader who was first prime minister (1952–74) and then head of state (1974–84) of Mongolia during the country’s communist period. Tsedenbal, the son of nomadic herders, studied at the Irkutsk Institute of Finance and Economics in the Soviet Union

Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal was a Mongolian political leader who was first prime minister (1952–74) and then head of state (1974–84) of Mongolia during the country’s communist period. Tsedenbal, the son of nomadic herders, studied at the Irkutsk Institute of Finance and Economics in the Soviet Union

L. Martov was the leader of the Mensheviks, the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party. Martov served his revolutionary apprenticeship in Vilna as a member of the Bund, a Jewish Socialist group. In 1895 he and Vladimir Ilich Lenin formed the St. Petersburg Union of

Gabre-Medhin Tsegaye was an Ethiopian playwright and poet, who wrote in Amharic and English. Tsegaye earned a degree (1959) from the Blackstone School of Law in Chicago. His interests soon turned to drama, however, and he studied stagecraft at the Royal Court Theatre in London and at the

Marcus Samuelsson is an Ethiopian-born chef, restaurateur, author, and television personality. In 1995, as executive chef of Aquavit, a Scandinavian restaurant in New York City, Samuelsson, at age 24, became the youngest chef to earn a three-star rating from The New York Times. He has won many

Sekani, Athabaskan-speaking North American Indian group that lived mostly in river valleys on the eastern and western slopes of the Rocky Mountains in what are now British Columbia and Alberta, Can. They were often harassed by the neighbouring Cree, Beaver, Carrier, and Shuswap peoples and, during

Astana, city, capital of Kazakhstan. Astana lies in the north-central part of the country, along the Ishim River, at the junction of the Trans-Kazakhstan and South Siberian railways. It was founded in 1824 as a Russian military outpost and became an administrative centre in 1868. Its population had

Fyodor Vasilyevich Gladkov: …best known for Tsement (1925; Cement, 1929), the first postrevolutionary novel to dramatize Soviet industrial development. Although crudely written, this story of a Red Army fighter who returns to find his hometown in ruins and dedicates himself to making industry thrive again anticipated in two important ways the future trends…

Powhatan: …his territory was known as Tsenacommacah. Each tribe within the Powhatan empire had its own chief, or weroance, and Powhatan ruled as the chief of these chiefs.

sistrum, percussion instrument, a rattle consisting of a wood, metal, or clay frame set loosely with crossbars (often hung with jingles) that sound when the instrument is shaken. A handle is attached to the frame. In ancient Egypt, sistrums were either temple-shaped or had a closed-horseshoe shape.

Yiddish literature: Old Yiddish literature: Tsenerene) by Jacob ben Isaac Ashkenazi. The text is a loose paraphrase of the biblical passages that are read in the synagogue: the Five Books of Moses, the supplementary readings (haftarot), and the five scrolls (megillot). First published about 1600, Tsenerene incorporated a wide selection…

Yiddish literature: Old Yiddish literature: Tsenerene) by Jacob ben Isaac Ashkenazi. The text is a loose paraphrase of the biblical passages that are read in the synagogue: the Five Books of Moses, the supplementary readings (haftarot), and the five scrolls (megillot). First published about 1600, Tsenerene incorporated a wide selection…

Zeng Guofan was a Chinese administrator, the military leader most responsible for suppressing the Taiping Rebellion (1850–64)—thus staving off the collapse of China’s imperial regime. Zeng Guofan was born into a prosperous family dominated by his grandfather Zeng Yuping, a farmer with social

lokapāla: …Buddhist lokapālas are Dhṛtarāṣṭra (east), Virūḍhaka (south), and Virūpākṣa (west).

Zengzi was a Chinese philosopher, disciple of Confucius, traditionally believed to be the author of the Daxue (“Great Learning”). In this classic, which became a part of the Liji (“Collection of Rituals”) and one of the Four Books during the Song dynasty, he discussed the great importance of the

Bulgaria: Labour and taxation: …trade unions belonged to the Central Council of Trade Unions (Tsentralen Sŭvet na Profesionalnite Sŭyuzi), founded in 1944 and allied with the Bulgarian Communist Party. It was reconstituted in 1989 as the Confederation of Independent Bulgarian Trade Unions (S’uz na Nezavisemite B’lgarski Profs’uze).

Russian Provisional Government: The April–May crisis: leader Viktor Chernov and Menshevik Irakli Tsereteli. The April–May events were important not only because the conservative elements of the Provisional Government were removed from power but also because the Petrograd Soviet had demonstrated that it could exert effective veto power over the Provisional Government, a fact that would not…

Cēsis, city and district centre, Latvia, situated on the Gauja River at the foot of the Vidzeme (Livonia) highlands, 55 miles (90 km) northeast of the city of Riga. It is an old city, first mentioned in documents in 1206, and its castle dates from 1207. It was once a prosperous town of the

topi, (Damaliscus lunatus), one of Africa’s most common and most widespread antelopes. It is a member of the tribe Alcelaphini (family Bovidae), which also includes the blesbok, hartebeest, and wildebeest. Damaliscus lunatus is known as the topi in East Africa and as the sassaby or tsessebe in

tsetse fly, (genus Glossina), any of about two to three dozen species of bloodsucking flies in the housefly family, Muscidae (order Diptera), that occur only in Africa and transmit sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis) in humans and a similar disease called nagana in domestic animals. Tsetse

Tsetserleg, town, central Mongolia. It lies on the northeastern slopes of the Hangayn Mountains, 250 miles (400 km) southwest of Ulaanbaatar, the capital. Once the seat of a monastery, Tsetserleg is an ancient cultural and commercial centre; it now has a theatre, hotel, hospital, and an

Tsetserleg, town, central Mongolia. It lies on the northeastern slopes of the Hangayn Mountains, 250 miles (400 km) southwest of Ulaanbaatar, the capital. Once the seat of a monastery, Tsetserleg is an ancient cultural and commercial centre; it now has a theatre, hotel, hospital, and an

Tsetserleg, town, central Mongolia. It lies on the northeastern slopes of the Hangayn Mountains, 250 miles (400 km) southwest of Ulaanbaatar, the capital. Once the seat of a monastery, Tsetserleg is an ancient cultural and commercial centre; it now has a theatre, hotel, hospital, and an

Tsévié, town, southern Togo, West Africa. It is located about 20 miles (32 km) north of Lomé, the national capital. The town constitutes an important centre for palm oil processing and a major market for commercial trade among Togo’s regions. Tsévié has road and railway links with Notsé, Atakpamé,

Caucasian languages: The Avar-Andi-Dido languages: …and the Dido subgroup, including Dido (Tsez), Khvarshi, Hinukh, Bezhta, and Hunzib.

thyrotropin, substance produced by cells called thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland. Thyrotropin binds to specific receptors on the surface of cells in the thyroid gland. This binding stimulates the breakdown of thyroglobulin (a large protein that is cleaved to form the thyroid hormones and

thyroid function test: …that act like thyrotropin (called TSH-receptor antibodies). Most patients with Hashimoto disease have high serum concentrations of antithyroid peroxidase and antithyroglobulin antibodies. Many patients with Graves disease have high serum concentrations of these two antibodies, as well as high serum concentrations of the TSH-receptor antibodies that cause the hyperthyroidism that…

Shaka was a Zulu chief (1816–28), founder of Southern Africa’s Zulu Empire. He is credited with creating a fighting force that devastated the entire region. His life is the subject of numerous colourful and exaggerated stories, many of which are debated by historians. Shaka was the son of

Dalai Lama: History of Dalai Lamas: The sixth Dalai Lama, Tshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho (Tsangyang Gyatso; 1683–1706), was a libertine and a writer of romantic verse, not entirely suited for a seat of such authority. He was deposed by the Mongols and died while being taken to China under military escort.

Tshangs-pa Dkar-po, in Tibetan Buddhism, one of the eight fierce protection deities. See

Tshikapa, village, Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the Kasai River, about 30 miles (50 km) north of the Angolan border. A noted diamond mining locale (arising after the first diamond was discovered in the area in 1907), exploitation fell off in the 1970s, but gravel quarrying remained

Étienne Tshisekedi was a Congolese opposition leader who founded (1982) the country’s first opposition party and worked against the successive presidents Mobutu Sese Seko, Laurent Kabila, and Joseph Kabila. When Mobutu seized power in 1965, Tshisekedi was a supporter, and he served in Mobutu’s

Étienne Tshisekedi was a Congolese opposition leader who founded (1982) the country’s first opposition party and worked against the successive presidents Mobutu Sese Seko, Laurent Kabila, and Joseph Kabila. When Mobutu seized power in 1965, Tshisekedi was a supporter, and he served in Mobutu’s

Joseph Kabila: Presidency: …week and a half later, Félix Tshisekedi—son of Étienne Tshisekedi, who had died in 2017—was declared the winner, followed closely by Martin Fayulu, another opposition candidate; Shadary came in third. The results, however, disagreed with a preelection poll, the tallies compiled by an election monitoring group, and leaked voting data,…

Bhutan: Constitutional framework: …national assembly known as the Tshogdu was established in Bhutan through the king’s initiative. It had 151 members, who were elected by village headmen or chosen by the king and the country’s official Buddhist monastic order. The Tshogdu met twice a year and passed legislation enacted by the king. The…

African art: Baga: These objects are called tshol. They have cylindrical bases with a birdlike beak. One type of tshol, the a-tshol, refers to wealth, elegance, and leadership and is the supreme authority within the clan. The Baga have a rich tradition of masquerades: the a-muntshol-nga-tsho, a serpentlike being identified with water,…

Moise Tshombe was a politician, president of the secessionist African state of Katanga, and premier of the united Congo Republic (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) who took advantage of an armed mutiny to announce the secession of mineral-rich Katanga province in July 1960. With covert

Moise Tshombe was a politician, president of the secessionist African state of Katanga, and premier of the united Congo Republic (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) who took advantage of an armed mutiny to announce the secession of mineral-rich Katanga province in July 1960. With covert

Pretoria, city in Gauteng province and administrative capital of the Republic of South Africa. Pretoria stretches along both sides of the Apies River and extends into the western foothills of the Magaliesberg on the east. Founded in 1855 by Marthinus, son of Andries Pretorius, the Boer statesman

Tibet: Plant and animal life: …lotuses, wild pansies, oleanders, orchids, tsi-tog (light pink flowers that grow at high elevations), shang-drils (bell-shaped flowers, either white, yellow, or maroon, that also grow at high elevations), and ogchu (red flowers that grow in sandy regions).

Ankaratra: …8,671 feet (2,643 m) in Mount Tsiafajavona, the nation’s second highest peak. The main range runs south-southwest from the town of Antananarivo. Antsirabe (q.v.), situated on the slopes of Mount Tsiafajavona, is the principal town in the region.

Qian Xuesen was a Chinese engineer and research scientist widely recognized as the “father of Chinese aerospace” for his role in establishing China’s ballistic missile program. Qian was the only child of an aristocratic Hangzhou family whose recorded lineage of more than a thousand years has been

Roger Y. Tsien was an American chemist who was a corecipient, with Osamu Shimomura and Martin Chalfie, of the 2008 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Tsien attended Harvard University before receiving a Ph.D. in physiology from the University of Cambridge in 1977. He remained at Cambridge as a researcher

Roger Y. Tsien was an American chemist who was a corecipient, with Osamu Shimomura and Martin Chalfie, of the 2008 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Tsien attended Harvard University before receiving a Ph.D. in physiology from the University of Cambridge in 1977. He remained at Cambridge as a researcher

Roma, an ethnic group of traditionally itinerant people who originated in northern India but live in modern times worldwide, principally in Europe. Most Roma speak some form of Romany, a language closely related to the modern Indo-European languages of northern India, as well as the major language

Native American music: Chordophones: …one- or two-string instrument called tsii’edo’a’tl (which they term a violin in English) from the hollow stalk of an agave plant; the instrument can be played in social and ceremonial contexts as well as for personal enjoyment.

Madagascar: Drainage: Lake Tsimanampetsotsa, near the coast south of Toliara (formerly Tuléar), is a large body of saline water that has no outlet.

Tsimihety, a Malagasy people living in mountainous north central Madagascar. The Tsimihety (“Those Who Never Cut Their Hair”) were originally sedentary mountain people living in extended families organized through patrilineal descent. They succeeded in remaining independent of the early Sakalava

Tsimlyansk Reservoir, reservoir created by a giant barrage (dam) at the great bend of the Don River, near the town of Tsimlyansk in Rostov oblast (province), southern Russia. The reservoir, about 160 miles (257 kilometres) long, was constructed in 1950–51 in connection with the building of the

Tsimlyansk Reservoir, reservoir created by a giant barrage (dam) at the great bend of the Don River, near the town of Tsimlyansk in Rostov oblast (province), southern Russia. The reservoir, about 160 miles (257 kilometres) long, was constructed in 1950–51 in connection with the building of the

Tsimshian, North American Indians of the Northwest Coast who traditionally lived on the mainland and islands around the Skeena and Nass rivers and Milbanke Sound in what is now British Columbia, Can., and Alaska, U.S. They speak any of three Tsimshian dialects: Niska, spoken along the Nass River;

Penutian languages: …trade language or lingua franca), Tsimshian, and Zuni, each a family consisting of a single language. All but four of the surviving familes are spoken by fewer than 150 persons.

Jinan, city and capital, Shandong sheng (province), China. It lies in the northern foothills of the Mount Tai massif, on the high ground just south of the Huang He (Yellow River), which provides the major route along the north side of the Shandong Hills. Pop. (2002 est.) city, 2,345,969; (2007

Qinghai, sheng (province) of northwestern China. It is bounded to the north and east by Gansu province, to the southeast by Sichuan province, to the south and west by the Tibet Autonomous Region, and to the west and northwest by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang. Qinghai is the fourth largest

Beijing: Education: …these are Peking University and Tsinghua (Qinghua) University. Peking University (1898) is one of the largest comprehensive institutions in China. In 1953 the university moved from its old site at Shatan, in the inner city, to the present campus, which previously belonged to the missionary-established Yenching (Yanjing) University. The Haidian…

Qingdao, port city, eastern Shandong sheng (province), eastern China. It is located on the south coast of the Shandong Peninsula at the eastern entrance to Jiaozhou (Kiaochow) Bay, one of the best natural harbours in northern China. Although the bay sometimes freezes in severe winters, it is always

Jining, city, southwestern Shandong sheng (province), China. In early times the seat of the state of Ren, it later became a part of the state of Qi, which flourished in the Zhou period (1046–256 bce). It underwent many changes of name and administrative status. The present name, Jining, first

Svetlana Alexievich: …Forgotten War; also translated as Zinky Boys: Soviet Voices from the Afghanistan War) exposed the hidden, undocumented futility of the Soviet intervention (1979–89) in the Afghan War (1978–92) and served to demystify the role of nationalism and Soviet autonomy. The title referred to the zinc coffins used by the military…

Qin Mountains, mountain range in north China, extending along a west-east axis from southeastern Gansu province into Shaanxi and Henan provinces. Considered to be an eastern extension of the Kunlun Mountains, it constitutes a watershed between the Wei River to the north and Han River to the south

Chinook Jargon, pidgin, presently extinct, formerly used as a trade language in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It is thought to have originated among the Northwest Coast Indians, especially the Chinook and the Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) peoples. The peoples of the Northwest Coast

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was a Russian research scientist in aeronautics and astronautics who pioneered rocket and space research and the development and use of wind tunnels for aerodynamic studies. He was also among the first to work out the theoretical problems of rocket travel in space.

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was a Russian research scientist in aeronautics and astronautics who pioneered rocket and space research and the development and use of wind tunnels for aerodynamic studies. He was also among the first to work out the theoretical problems of rocket travel in space.

Alexis Tsipras is a Greek politician and leader of the Coalition of the Radical Left (Syriza) who became prime minister of Greece in January 2015. Tsipras rode into office on a wave of popular opposition to the austerity measures imposed by the Greek government as a consequence of its bailout loan

Madagascar: The French Union (1946–58): …by the local assembly, Vice-Premier Philibert Tsiranana founded the Social Democratic Party (Parti Social Démocrate; PSD), which, though most of its members were non-Merina from the coastal areas, offered to cooperate with the Merina. In 1958 France agreed to let its overseas territories decide their own fate. In a referendum…

Greek literature: Literature after 1922: Akyvérnites politíes (1960–65; Drifting Cities), Stratís Tsírkas masterfully recreated the atmosphere of the Middle East in World War II. In the short story, Dimítris Chatzís painted ironic portraits of real and fictional characters in his native Ioánnina in the period before and during World War II, exposing their self-interested machinations.

Qiqihar, city, western Heilongjiang sheng (province), northeastern China. It is situated in the middle of the fertile Nen River plain, a part of the Northeast (Manchurian) Plain. The site was originally settled by nomadic Tungus and Daur herdsmen; the city’s name Qiqihar is from a Daur word meaning

Willem Elsschot: …followed it with the novel Tsjip (“Cheep”) in 1934. Laarmans, who is the protagonist in Kaas, had been introduced in Lijmen, and he reappears in Pensioen (1937; “Pension”), De leeuwentemmer (1940; “The Lion Tamer”), and Elsschot’s masterpiece, Het dwaallicht (1946; Will-o’-the-wisp), a fruitless search for a remote ideal in an…

Tskhinvali, city, north-central Georgia, on the Bolshaya Liakhvi River. It is the leading city of an area populated by a Caucasian people known as Ossetes, or Ossetians. Tskhinvali is the capital of the breakaway region of South Ossetia. In the late 1980s Tskhinvali became the centre of a

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Ltd. (TSMC) is the world’s first and largest independent foundry for semiconductor chips. Headquartered in Hsin-chu, Taiwan, TSMC was founded in 1987 by Morris Chang, who is widely regarded for pioneering the semiconductor foundry business model. Since its

Seiji Ozawa: …1964 to 1968, of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra from 1965 to 1969, and of the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra from 1970 to 1976. For an extraordinarily long period—from 1973 to 2002—Ozawa served as music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. In 1998 he described his feelings toward Boston in an…

Tasmania: The arts: The Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra (TSO), which receives financial support from the Hobart city council and numerous other corporate and public sponsors, gives regular concerts in the main urban centres, often with visiting artists from the mainland or overseas; it also figures prominently in the programming of…

Trans-Siberian Orchestra, American rock band known for its symphonic heavy metal renditions of Christmas songs and classical music. Its theatrical concerts during holiday-season tours include laser light shows, pyrotechnics, and other visual effects. Its first album, Christmas Eve and Other Stories

Lake Mapam, lake, in the western Tibet Autonomous Region of China, to the south of the Kailas Range. Lying nearly 15,000 feet (4,600 metres) above sea level, it is generally recognized as the highest body of fresh water in the world. The lake is prominent in the mythology of Hinduism, and it has

Koko Nor, lake, Qinghai province, west-central China. The largest mountain lake without a river outlet in Central Asia, it is located in a depression of the Qilian Mountains, its surface at an elevation of about 10,500 feet (3,200 metres) above sea level. The length of the lake approaches 65 miles

Zuo Zongtang was a Chinese administrator and military leader, one of the scholar-officials who worked to suppress the great rebellions that threatened the imperial government during the second half of the 19th century. Zuo’s efforts helped revive the declining Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911/12)

Zuozhuan, ancient commentary on the Chunqiu (“Spring and Autumn [Annals]”) and the first sustained narrative work in Chinese literature. The Chunqiu, the first Chinese chronological history, records the principal political, social, and military events of the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 bc) of

Idah: Tsoede, the son of an early ata (“king”), left Idah and conquered and refounded the kingdom of Nupe (near the confluence of the Niger and Kaduna rivers); he is also said to have introduced to the Nupe people the art of bronze casting, for which…

Bulgaria: The arts of Bulgaria: …half of the century and Hristo Tsokev in the second half. At the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, Bulgarian painters such as Anton Mitov and the Czech-born Ivan Mrkvichka produced memorable works, many of them depicting the daily life of the Bulgarian people.

Tsong-kha-pa was a Tibetan lama who founded a new Tibetan Buddhist sect known as the Dge-lugs-pa (q.v.), literally “Model of Virtue” but more commonly referred to as the Yellow Hat sect to distinguish it from the older Red Hat sect. Hoping to restore monastic discipline, Tsong-kha-pa enforced

Tsonga, culturally similar Bantu-speaking peoples inhabiting the southern coastal plain of Mozambique, parts of Zimbabwe and Swaziland, and the Transvaal of South Africa. They numbered some 4.6 million in the late 20th century. The Tsonga were formerly organized as independent peoples, each

Mozambique: Languages: South of the Save, Tsonga is spoken by almost one-seventh of the population.

Formosan languages: …into three major branches: Atayalic, Tsonic, and Paiwanic. The last is the largest and includes Ami, Bunun, Paiwan, and Saaroa.