water supply system: Health concerns: Turbidity refers to cloudiness caused by very small particles of silt, clay, and other substances suspended in water. Even a slight degree of turbidity in drinking water is objectionable to most people. Turbidity also interferes with disinfection by creating a possible shield for pathogenic organisms.…

turbidity current, underwater density current of abrasive sediments. Such currents appear to be relatively short-lived, transient phenomena that occur at great depths. They are thought to be caused by the slumping of sediment that has piled up at the top of the continental slope, particularly at

Turbina, a genus of some 15 species of plants, native in tropical America and Southeast Asia, belonging to the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae). Of special interest is the woody stemmed perennial climber known to the ancient Aztecs as ololiuqui (Turbina corymbosa), the brown seeds of which

Convolvulaceae: Major genera and species: The seeds of two species, Turbina corymbosa and Ipomoea violacea, are sources of hallucinogenic drugs of historical interest and contemporary concern.

nasal concha, any of several thin, scroll-shaped bony elements forming the upper chambers of the nasal cavities. They increase the surface area of these cavities, thus providing for rapid warming and humidification of air as it passes to the lungs. In higher vertebrates the olfactory epithelium is

nasal concha, any of several thin, scroll-shaped bony elements forming the upper chambers of the nasal cavities. They increase the surface area of these cavities, thus providing for rapid warming and humidification of air as it passes to the lungs. In higher vertebrates the olfactory epithelium is

turbine, any of various devices that convert the energy in a stream of fluid into mechanical energy. The conversion is generally accomplished by passing the fluid through a system of stationary passages or vanes that alternate with passages consisting of finlike blades attached to a rotor. By

pump: Kinetic pumps.: A regenerative pump is also called a turbine, or peripheral, pump. The impeller has vanes on both sides of the rim that rotate in a ringlike channel in the pump’s casing. The fluid does not discharge freely from the tip of the impeller but is recirculated…

turbine: Turbine staging: Only a small fraction of the overall pressure drop available in a turbine can be extracted in a single stage consisting of a set of stationary nozzles or vanes and moving blades or buckets. In contrast to water turbines where the total head…

ship: Passenger liners in the 20th century: Parsons designed the yacht Turbinia, using a steam turbine engine with only rotating parts in place of reciprocating engines. It proved a success, and in the late 1890s, when competition intensified in the Atlantic Ferry, the question arose as to whether reciprocating or turbine engines were the best for…

turban shell, any marine snail of the family Turbinidae (subclass Prosobranchia of the class Gastropoda) that has a wide aperture in the first whorl of the stout shell, which is topped by a bulbous, turbanlike coil. The shell may be beaded, knobbed, or ridged. The largest species of turban shell is

Paul Giamatti: …2013 include the animated film Turbo, in which he provided the voice of a snail; Parkland, a drama about the assassination of Pres. John F. Kennedy; 12 Years a Slave, in which he played a slave trader; and Saving Mr. Banks, in which he appeared as the driver of Mary…

gastropod: Importance to humans: …Japan, and turban shells (Turbo) in the Pacific are the most frequently eaten marine snails. Occasionally limpets and whelks are used for food, but they are more commonly used as fish bait. Freshwater snails rarely are eaten. Land snails of the family Helicidae have been eaten in the Middle…

turban shell: …shell is the 20-centimetre (8-inch) green turban (Turbo marmoratus), native to the East Indies and Australia; its broad, round “cat’s-eye” operculum (lid for closing the aperture) is used for making buttons.

turbo train, high-speed passenger train powered by a gas-turbine engine similar to that used in jet aircraft. Unlike conventional trains, the turbo variety does not have a separate locomotive; its turbine power unit is small enough to be built into a passenger car. A typical turbo train consists of

Hadrian: Policies as emperor: …installed as prefects the distinguished Marcius Turbo, a general to whom the new emperor owed much, and Septicius Clarus, the patron of Suetonius the biographer. Before many years had passed, both of these men had fallen into disgrace. Hadrian was mercurial or possibly just shrewdly calculating in dispensing favours.

gasoline engine: Supercharger: A turbocharger employs a gas turbine operated by the exhaust gases to drive a centrifugal blower. The turbocharged engine not only gains increased power capacity but also operates at improved fuel economy. Historically, large airplane reciprocating gasoline engines were usually supercharged both by geared blowers and…

ship: Combinations of machinery: This technique was known as turbocompounding. Turbocompounding, in the guise of turbocharging, is common in diesel technology. Absent an excessively long stroke, a diesel cylinder cannot fully expand its working fluid. One remedy is to exhaust the cylinder gas into a turbine that drives a compressor that in turn supplies…

petroleum production: The turbodrill: One variation in rotary drilling employs a fluid-powered turbine at the bottom of the borehole to produce the rotary motion of the bit. Known as the turbodrill, this instrument is about nine metres long and is made up of four major parts: the upper…

jet engine: The propulsor: …of engines, such as the turbofan, thrust is generated by both approaches: A major part of the thrust is derived from the fan, which is powered by a low-pressure turbine and which energizes and accelerates the bypass stream (see below). The remaining part of the total thrust is derived from…

turbojet, jet engine in which a turbine-driven compressor draws in and compresses air, forcing it into a combustion chamber into which fuel is injected. Ignition causes the gases to expand and to rush first through the turbine and then through a nozzle at the rear. Forward thrust is generated as a

atmosphere: Vertical structure of the atmosphere: …and heterosphere, is called the turbopause.

turboprop, hybrid engine that provides jet thrust and also drives a propeller. It is basically similar to a turbojet except that an added turbine, rearward of the combustion chamber, works through a shaft and speed-reducing gears to turn a propeller at the front of the engine. The first

jet engine: Turboramjets: As noted above, the ramjet provides a simple and efficient means of propulsion for aircraft at relatively high supersonic flight speeds. It is, however, quite inefficient at transonic flight speeds and is completely ineffective at subsonic velocities. The turboramjet has been developed to overcome…

jet engine: Turboshaft engines: The helicopter is designed to operate for substantial periods of time hovering at zero flight speed. Even in forward flight, helicopters rarely exceed 240 kilometres per hour or a Mach number of 0.22. (The Mach number is the ratio of the velocity of…

supercharger: …brought the introduction of the turbosupercharger, or simply turbocharger, a centrifugal blower driven by a small gas turbine powered by the exhaust gases from the engine cylinders.

turbot, (Psetta maxima), broad-bodied European flatfish of the family Scophthalmidae. A highly valued food fish, the turbot lives along sand and gravel shores. It is a left-sided flatfish, with its eyes normally on the left side of the head, and it is scaleless, though its head and body are studded

exclusive economic zone: Examples of international disputes involving EEZs: …to conflicts such as the Turbot War, which was a bloodless dispute between Canada and Spain. In 1995 a Spanish fleet was fishing for turbot 28 miles (45 km) beyond Canada’s EEZ, which was a disputed area where Ottawa attempted to extend its jurisdiction. Turbot populations in the area were…

turbo train, high-speed passenger train powered by a gas-turbine engine similar to that used in jet aircraft. Unlike conventional trains, the turbo variety does not have a separate locomotive; its turbine power unit is small enough to be built into a passenger car. A typical turbo train consists of

William Plomer: His first novel, Turbott Wolfe (1925), caused a scandal because it touched upon miscegenation and dared to criticize the supposed benevolence of whites toward blacks, even casting some white characters in the role of villains. I Speak of Africa (1927), a collection of short stories, exacerbated his reputation.…

turbulence, In fluid mechanics, a flow condition (see turbulent flow) in which local speed and pressure change unpredictably as an average flow is maintained. Common examples are wind and water swirling around obstructions, or fast flow (Reynolds number greater than 2,100) of any sort. Eddies,

temperature inversion: A turbulence inversion often forms when quiescent air overlies turbulent air. Within the turbulent layer, vertical mixing carries heat downward and cools the upper part of the layer. The unmixed air above is not cooled and eventually is warmer than the air below; an inversion then…

atmospheric turbulence, small-scale, irregular air motions characterized by winds that vary in speed and direction. Turbulence is important because it mixes and churns the atmosphere and causes water vapour, smoke, and other substances, as well as energy, to become distributed both vertically and

nebula: Turbulence: …always show chaotic motions called turbulence. This is a well-known phenomenon in gas dynamics that results when there is low viscosity in flowing fluids, so the motions become chaotic eddies that transfer kinetic and magnetic energy and momentum from large scales down to small sizes. On small-enough scales viscosity always…

turbulent flow, type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations, or mixing, in contrast to laminar flow, in which the fluid moves in smooth paths or layers. In turbulent flow the speed of the fluid at a point is continuously undergoing changes in both

Yevgeny Konstantinovich Zavoysky: …he discovered the phenomenon of turbulent heating, or the process of heating a plasma to very high temperatures using a large electric field that increases the plasma’s resistivity, thereby increasing large-scale turbulence, which is transmitted from the macroscale to the microscale as thermal energy.

Joni Mitchell: Later albums: … (1991) and the Grammy Award-winning Turbulent Indigo (1994). Having dealt with international political and social issues such as Ethiopian famine on Dog Eat Dog, she returned by the early 1990s to more personal subject matter—singing about true love, for instance, on Turbulent Indigo. Though unworried about pop chart trends, in…

Yulia Tymoshenko: …to Russia, Tymoshenko’s political ally, Oleksandr Turchynov, was appointed interim president. Tymoshenko was an early favourite in the snap presidential race that was scheduled for May 2014, but popular support soon coalesced behind Ukrainian business leader Petro Poroshenko. In that contest, Tymoshenko finished a distant second, with Poroshenko capturing more…

otolaryngology: …the laryngoscope, was adopted by Ludwig Türck and Jan Czermak, who undertook detailed studies of the pathology of the larynx; Czermak also turned the laryngoscope’s mirror upward to investigate the physiology of the nasopharyngeal cavity, thereby establishing an essential link between laryngology and rhinology. One of Czermak’s assistants, Friedrich Voltolini,…

Julio César Turbay Ayala was the president of Colombia from 1978 to 1982. He was a centrist liberal who proved unable to end his country’s continuing social unrest. Born into a middle-class family descended from Lebanese immigrants, Turbay was educated at the National Commercial School in Bogotá

Turkmen, people who speak a language belonging to the southwestern branch of the Turkic languages. The majority live in Turkmenistan and in neighbouring parts of Central Asia and numbered more than 6 million at the beginning of the 21st century. About one-third of the total population lives in

Canadian literature: Contemporary trends: Elise Turcotte published her poetry collection La Terre est ici (1989; “The Earth Is Here”) before creating the brief poetic novel Le Bruit des choses vivantes (1991; The Sound of Living Things). Similarly, Louise Dupré established her reputation as a poet before writing the well-received…

Secretariat: Breeding and early years: …marked his first ride by Ron Turcotte, who from then on was the colt’s primary jockey. With his first wins under his belt, the time had arrived for Secretariat to prove that he was something special. The six-furlong Sanford Stakes in New York on August 16 was his first event…

Turda, city, Cluj judeƫ (county), west-central Romania, on the Arieş River. Turda was first a Dacian settlement (Dierna) and later a Roman castrum (Potaissa), around which grew a municipium and later a colony. On the outskirts of the city are the salt mines worked in Roman times. In the Middle

Iberian: The Turdetani of the Guadalquivir River valley were the most powerful of this group. Culturally the tribes of the northeast and of the Valencian coast were greatly influenced by the Greek settlements at Emporion (modern Ampurias) and in the Alicante region, those of the southeast by…

Turdidae, songbird family, order Passeriformes, consisting of the thrushes, bluebirds, robins, and other birds—hundreds of species of the most renowned songbirds in the world, absent only from the polar regions and certain islands. Members range in size from 11.5 to 33 cm (4.5 to 13 inches) long.

jungle babbler, any of about 32 species of songbirds constituting the tribe Pellorneini of the babbler family Timaliidae. Found from Africa to Malaysia and the Philippines, these drab birds with slender, often hook-tipped bills skulk in forest undergrowth. An example is the striped jungle babbler,

thrush: …are species of the genus Turdus, which include the blackbird, fieldfare, ouzel, and redwing of Europe, as well as the American robin. Other true thrush groups are called ground thrush and nightingale thrush.

migration: In Europe: (Carduelis carduelis), and blackbirds (Turdus merula) are usually sedentary in western Europe; they are usually migratory, however, in northern Europe, where their flights resemble a short migration. Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) are sedentary in western Europe, where large numbers gather from eastern Europe. Large flocks also pass the winter…

American robin, (Turdus migratorius), common migratory North American songbird species known for its red-orange breast, joyful song, and distinctive “robin’s egg blue” shade of egg. American robins are widespread throughout North America—ranging from northern Alaska and Canada’s Northwest

ouzel, (species Turdus torquatus), a thrush of the family Turdidae (order Passeriformes), characterized by a white crescent on the breast. A blackish bird, 24 cm (9.5 inches) long, it breeds locally in uplands from Great Britain and Norway to the Middle East. The name ouzel was formerly applied to

Native American music: Circum-Caribbean: …from this area is the turé, a kind of single-reed wind instrument played by Palikur men. Performance contexts include manioc-beer-drinking rituals, shamanic rituals, funeral rites, lullabies, love songs, and laments.

Stokely Carmichael was a West-Indian-born civil rights activist, leader of Black nationalism in the United States in the 1960s and originator of its rallying slogan, “Black Power.” Carmichael immigrated to New York City in 1952, attended high school in the Bronx, and enrolled at Howard University

Mr. T is an actor and professional wrestler known for his tough appearance and his iconic roles in television and film, including that of Sgt. B.A. Baracus in the TV action series The A-Team (1983–87). He is frequently associated with his signature catchphrase, “I pity the fool,” which originated

tureen, covered container, sometimes made to rest on a stand or dish, from which liquids, generally soup or sauce, are served at table. The earliest silver and pottery examples, dating from the early 18th century, were called terrines or terrenes (from Latin terra, “earth”), which suggests a

László Nemes: …of his own: Türelem (2007; With a Little Patience), which was shown at the Venice International Film Festival. In 2006 he briefly sojourned in New York City, attending the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University. He directed two more shorts, The Counterpart (2008) and The Gentleman Takes…

Henri de La Tour d’Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne was a French military leader, marshal of France (from 1643), one of the greatest military commanders during the reign of Louis XIV. Beginning his military career in the Thirty Years’ War (from 1625), he subsequently commanded the royal armies in the

Trani, town and archiepiscopal see, Puglia (Apulia) regione, southeastern Italy. It lies along the Adriatic Sea, northwest of Bari city. Trani originated in Roman times and flourished under the Norman and Swabian (Hohenstaufen) kings of Sicily by means of its trade with the Middle East. Its

peat, spongy material formed by the partial decomposition of organic matter, primarily plant material, in wetlands such as swamps, muskegs, bogs, fens, and moors. The development of peat is favoured by warm moist climatic conditions; however, peat can develop even in cold regions such as Siberia,

turf, in horticulture, the surface layer of soil with its matted, dense vegetation, usually grasses grown for ornamental or recreational use. Such turf grasses include Kentucky bluegrass, creeping bent grass, fine or red fescue, and perennial ryegrass among the popular cool-season types and Bermuda

turf toe, sprain involving the big toe (hallux) metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint of the foot. The term turf toe was coined in 1976 after it was found that the frequency of injuries to the MTP joint of the big toe was increased in gridiron football players who wore relatively flexible soccer-style

Turfan, city, north-central Uyghur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. It lies about 112 miles (180 km) southeast of the city of Ürümqi (Urumchi), on the northern edge of the deep Turfan Depression between the Bogda Mountains (an eastern extension of the Tien Shan) to the north and

deep mountain basin in the Uyghur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. The Turfan Depression is a fault trough, descending ultimately to 508 feet (155 meters) below sea level (the lowest point in China), whereas the neighboring Tarim River and Lop Nur areas are between 2,000 and 3,000

Indo-European languages: Tocharian: …are known, labeled A (East Tocharian, or Turfanian) and B (West Tocharian, or Kuchean). One group of travel permits for caravans can be dated to the early 7th century, and it appears that other texts date from the same or from neighbouring centuries. These languages became known to scholars…

Turgay, region and former oblysy (administrative region), central Kazakhstan. The administrative unit was created in 1970, though a larger unit of the same name existed in tsarist times, and it embraced the western fringes of the Kazakh Upland and part of the Turgay Steppe. The main rivers are the

Turgay, region and former oblysy (administrative region), central Kazakhstan. The administrative unit was created in 1970, though a larger unit of the same name existed in tsarist times, and it embraced the western fringes of the Kazakh Upland and part of the Turgay Steppe. The main rivers are the

Trujillo, town, Cáceres provincia (province), in the Extremadura comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), western Spain, on the Tozo River, a tributary of the Tagus River. It is sited on a hill 25 miles (40 km) east of the provincial capital Cáceres. Trujillo was a town of importance in the

Turgay, region and former oblysy (administrative region), central Kazakhstan. The administrative unit was created in 1970, though a larger unit of the same name existed in tsarist times, and it embraced the western fringes of the Kazakh Upland and part of the Turgay Steppe. The main rivers are the

Turgay Valley, depression in western Kazakhstan. Some 12–125 miles (20–200 km) wide, it runs roughly north-south for about 375 miles (600 km) through the middle of the Torghay Plateau. It was formed by a caving-in of the ancient foundation, and in the Ice Age, water flowed along it from the West

Ivan Turgenev was a Russian novelist, poet, and playwright whose major works include the short-story collection A Sportsman’s Sketches (1852) and the novels Rudin (1856), Home of the Gentry (1859), On the Eve (1860), and Fathers and Sons (1862). These works offer realistic, affectionate portrayals

Ivan Turgenev was a Russian novelist, poet, and playwright whose major works include the short-story collection A Sportsman’s Sketches (1852) and the novels Rudin (1856), Home of the Gentry (1859), On the Eve (1860), and Fathers and Sons (1862). These works offer realistic, affectionate portrayals

Nikolay Ivanovich Turgenev was a Russian government official and economist who was a cofounder of the revolutionary Northern Society, which staged the Decembrist uprising of 1825 in St. Petersburg. Born into the middle class, Turgenev was one of a number of Russian youths infected by the liberal

New York Islanders: …behind the play of centre Pierre Turgeon, the 1990s were a bleak time for the franchise. The Islanders finished in last place in their division five times during the decade and eight total times in the 13 seasons from 1988–89 to 2000–01. The team returned to the postseason in 2001–02.…

turbine: Impulse turbines: …of impulse turbine is the turgo type. The jet impinges at an oblique angle on the runner from one side and continues in a single path, discharging at the other side of the runner. This type of turbine has been used in medium-sized units for moderately high heads.

turgor, Pressure exerted by fluid in a cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall. Turgor is what makes living plant tissue rigid. Loss of turgor, resulting from the loss of water from plant cells, causes flowers and leaves to wilt. Turgor plays a key role in the opening and closing

Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, baron de l’Aulne was a French economist who was an administrator under Louis XV and served as the comptroller general of finance (1774–76) under Louis XVI. His efforts at instituting financial reform were blocked by the privileged classes. Turgot was born into an old

Tŭrgovishte, town, eastern Bulgaria, on the Vrana River. Known formerly for its great cattle fair, which attracted visitors from throughout the Balkans, it continues as a craft centre, producing textiles, furniture, pottery, and processed foods. It has long been a centre for the Muslim faith in

Kösem Sultan: … naturally passed to Mehmed’s mother, Turhan Sultan, but Kösem remained her superior with the new title büyük valide (“grandmother”). A rivalry ensued between the two, as Turhan began to form her own faction within the palace and among the military. Kösem conspired to unseat Turhan Sultan by deposing Mehmed and…

Turin, city, capital of Torino provincia and of Piemonte (Piedmont) regione, northwestern Italy. It is located on the Po River near its junction with the Sangone, Dora Riparia, and Stura di Lanzo rivers. The original settlement of Taurisia, founded by the Taurini, was partly destroyed by the

Turin 2006 Olympic Winter Games, athletic festival held in Turin, Italy, that took place Feb. 10–26, 2006. The Turin Games were the 20th occurrence of the Winter Olympic Games. In 2006 the Winter Games returned to Italy after a 50-year absence. Unlike the 1956 Games, which were held in the small

Turin Papyrus, hieratic manuscript of the 19th dynasty (1292–1190 bce) of ancient Egypt, listing the kings of Egypt from earliest times to the reign of Ramses II (1279–13 bce), under whom it was written. Although the papyrus, now in the Egyptian Museum in Turin, Italy, is in very fragmentary

Turin faience, tin-glazed earthenware made in Turin, Italy, from the 16th century through the 18th. It is known that the Genoese G.G. Bianchi opened a pottery factory in Turin in 1646. In 1725 Giorgio Rossetti expanded Turin’s faience industry, in which he was followed by his descendants. Another

Metaphysical painting: In his painting Turin Melancholy (1915), for example, he illustrated just such a square, using unnaturally sharp contrasts of light and shadow that lend an aura of poignant but vaguely threatening mystery to the scene. The arcades in this painting, as well as the deep perspectival space and…

Turin Papyrus, hieratic manuscript of the 19th dynasty (1292–1190 bce) of ancient Egypt, listing the kings of Egypt from earliest times to the reign of Ramses II (1279–13 bce), under whom it was written. Although the papyrus, now in the Egyptian Museum in Turin, Italy, is in very fragmentary

Turin Papyrus, hieratic manuscript of the 19th dynasty (1292–1190 bce) of ancient Egypt, listing the kings of Egypt from earliest times to the reign of Ramses II (1279–13 bce), under whom it was written. Although the papyrus, now in the Egyptian Museum in Turin, Italy, is in very fragmentary

Venice: Struggle for naval supremacy: The Peace of Turin (1381) eliminated Genoese political influence from the Mediterranean and the East, leaving the Venetian government arbiter of the sea routes.

Shroud of Turin, a length of linen that is purported to be the burial garment of Jesus Christ. It has been preserved since 1578 in the royal chapel of the Cathedral of San Giovanni Battista in Turin, Italy. For centuries, the shroud has been the focus of debates about its authenticity and an object

War of the Grand Alliance: …signed a separate peace (Treaty of Turin) with Louis in June 1696. A movement for a general peace culminated in the Treaty of Rijswijk in September-October 1697. The treaty brought no resolution to the conflict between the Bourbon rulers of France and the Habsburgs, or to the English-French conflict;…

University of Turin, autonomous coeducational state institution of higher learning in Turin, Italy, that was founded in 1404. Erasmus was a graduate of the school in 1506. The university was reorganized and reestablished in 1713. An Institute of Business and Economics was added in 1906, a

Joaquín Turina was a Spanish composer who helped to promote the national character of 20th-century Spanish music. After studying in Sevilla (Seville) and Madrid, Turina went in 1905 to Paris, where he was a pupil of Moritz Moszkowski for piano and Vincent d’Indy for composition. Though he absorbed

Turing Award, annual award given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), a professional computing society founded in 1947, to one or more individuals “selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community.” The Turing Award is often referred to as the computer

computer science: Architecture and organization: …and loops are called “Turing complete,” which means that they can carry out the execution of any algorithm that can be defined. Turing completeness is a fundamental and essential characteristic of any computer organization.

automata theory: The generalized automaton and Turing’s machine: …the general automaton and the Turing machine differ in logical design only with respect to the extent of memory storage.

Turing machine, hypothetical computing device introduced in 1936 by the English mathematician and logician Alan M. Turing. Turing originally conceived the machine as a mathematical tool that could infallibly recognize undecidable propositions—i.e., those mathematical statements that, within a given

Turing test, in artificial intelligence, a test proposed (1950) by the English mathematician Alan M. Turing to determine whether a computer can “think.” There are extreme difficulties in devising any objective criterion for distinguishing “original” thought from sufficiently sophisticated

foundations of mathematics: Recursive definitions: The Church-Turing theorem of undecidability, combined with the related result of the Polish-born American mathematician Alfred Tarski (1902–83) on undecidability of truth, eliminated the possibility of a purely mechanical device replacing mathematicians.

Alan Turing was a British mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematics, cryptanalysis, logic, philosophy, and mathematical biology and also to the new areas later named computer science, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and artificial life. The son of a civil

Alan Turing was a British mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematics, cryptanalysis, logic, philosophy, and mathematical biology and also to the new areas later named computer science, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, and artificial life. The son of a civil

Krasnoturinsk, town, Sverdlovsk oblast (region), western Russia. The town lies along the Turya River in the eastern foothills of the Northern Ural Mountains. Founded in 1758, it was called Turinskiye Rudniki (“Turinsky Mines”) until 1944, when it became the town of Krasnoturinsk. Now a centre of

Hydrocharitaceae: Many produce special stems with turions (leaflike buds) that drop off and spend the winter in the bottom mud as a form of asexual reproduction (i.e. Hydrocharis, Stratiotes, and Elodea).