Ludmilla Tourischeva is a Soviet gymnast who was European champion (1971 and 1973), world champion (1970 and 1974), and an Olympic medal winner (1968–76). Tourischeva graduated from the Rostov Pedagogical Institute in 1974. At the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, she won a gold medal as a team

Turkic peoples, any of various peoples whose members speak languages belonging to the Turkic family within the Altaic language group. They are historically and linguistically connected with the Tujue, the name given by the Chinese to the nomadic people who in the 6th century ce founded an empire

chess: Chess and artificial intelligence: …the 18th century, when the Turk, the first of the pseudo-automatons, began a triumphal exhibition tour of Europe. Like its 19th-century successor Ajeeb, the Turk was a cleverly constructed cabinet that concealed a human master. The mystery of the Turk was the subject of more than a dozen books and…

Timothy Hutton: …as a graffiti artist in Turk 182! (1985) was less successful. Hutton appeared in the melodrama A Time of Destiny (1988); the sports drama Everybody’s All-American (1988); Lumet’s police thriller Q & A (1990); George A. Romero’s The Dark Half (1993), based on a Stephen King

Ottoman Empire: Turkish nationalism: …Society (formed 1908) and the Turkish Hearth (formed 1912). A political twist was given by the adherents of Pan-Turkism and Pan-Turanianism. Pan-Turkism, which aimed at the political union of all Turkish-speaking peoples, began among Turks in Crimea and along the Volga River. Its leading exponent was Ismail

Saad al-Hariri: Education and early career: …orchestrate Saudi Oger’s acquisition of Türk Telekom. (The deal, completed in 2006, was at that time the largest private business deal in Turkey’s history.)

melon cactus, (genus Melocactus), any of about 30 species of cacti (family Cactaceae) native to the West Indies, Central America, and tropical South America. They are sometimes cultivated as novelties for their unusual bristly cap that forms at maturity. Melon cacti are ribbed and ball-shaped to

lily: Physical description: …turban shape, as in the Turk’s cap lily (L. martagon), or they may be less strongly reflexed and form an open cup or bowl shape, as in the wood lily (L. philadelphicum) and goldband lily (L. auratum). The flowers of some species are quite fragrant, and they occur in a…

melon cactus, (genus Melocactus), any of about 30 species of cacti (family Cactaceae) native to the West Indies, Central America, and tropical South America. They are sometimes cultivated as novelties for their unusual bristly cap that forms at maturity. Melon cacti are ribbed and ball-shaped to

Turkana, a people living in the arid, sandy expanse of northwestern Kenya, from Lake Rudolf (Lake Turkana) to the Ugandan border. The Turkana speak an Eastern Nilotic language of the Nilo-Saharan language family. Their language closely resembles that of the Teso. They apparently moved to their

Homo erectus: African fossils: …more complete skeleton named “Turkana Boy” (KNM-WT 15000) was found nearby at Nariokotome, a site on the northwestern shore of Lake Turkana. The remains of this juvenile male have provided much information about growth, development, and body proportions of an early member of the species.

Lake Turkana, fourth largest of the eastern African lakes. It lies mainly in northern Kenya, with its northern end stretching into Ethiopia. The lake lies in the eastern arm of eastern Africa’s Rift Valley, which is part of the East African Rift System. It covers an area of 2,473 square miles

Turkish language, the major member of the Turkic language family within the Altaic language group. Turkish is spoken in Turkey, Cyprus, and elsewhere in Europe and the Middle East. With Gagauz, Azerbaijani (sometimes called Azeri), Turkmen, and Khorāsān Turkic, it forms the southwestern, or Oğuz,

Johannes Gutenberg: Printing of the Bible of Johannes Gutenberg: …to Gutenberg himself is a Türkenkalender, a warning against the impending danger of Turkish invasion after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, printed December 1454 for 1455 use, some letters of indulgence, and some school grammars. The identity of the printer of a Missale Speciale Constantiense is still not established,…

Baden: Louis William I, margrave of Baden-Baden from 1677 to 1707, was a distinguished commander in the imperial army in wars against the Turks and against the French; he built the palace of Rastatt. Charles III William, margrave of Baden-Durlach from 1709 to 1738, founded Karlsruhe…

Turkistan, in Asian history, the regions of Central Asia lying between Siberia on the north; Tibet, India, Afghanistan, and Iran on the south; the Gobi (desert) on the east; and the Caspian Sea on the west. The term was intended to indicate the areas inhabited by Turkic peoples, but the regions

Turkestan, city, southern Kazakhstan. It lies in the Syr Darya (ancient Jaxartes River) plain. Turkestan was an ancient centre of the caravan trade; it was known as Shavgar and later as Yasī. It became a religious centre called Khazret (Hazrat) because of the 12th-century Sufi (Muslim mystic) Ahmed

Turkistan Range, mountain range in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Branching off from the Alay Mountains, it extends for 200 miles (320 km) east-west between the Fergana and Zeravshan valleys. Its highest point is Piramidalny Peak (18,077 feet [5,510 m]). The range is composed mainly of

rat: General features: nitidus) and the Turkestan rat (R. turkestanicus), or brown all around the basal third to half of the tail with the rest uniformly white, as in Hoogerwerf’s rat (R. hoogerwerfi) and the white-tailed rat of Sulawesi.

turkey, either of two species of birds classified as members of either the family Phasianidae or Meleagrididae (order Galliformes). The best known is the common turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), a native game bird of North America that has been widely domesticated for the table. The other species is

Turkey, also called Türkiye, country that occupies a unique geographic position, lying partly in Asia and partly in Europe. Throughout its history it has acted as both a barrier and a bridge between the two continents. Turkey is situated at the crossroads of the Balkans, Caucasus, Middle East, and

bear grass: Physical description: Turkey beard, or eastern turkey beard (X. asphodeloides), of southern North America, is similar in appearance and grows in dry pine barrens.

bear grass, (genus Xerophyllum), either of two species of North American plants constituting the genus Xerophyllum of the family Melanthiaceae. Despite their common name and grasslike leaves, the plants are not true grasses. Both species, common bear grass (Xerophyllum tenax) and turkey beard (X.

turkey vulture, (Cathartes aura), long-winged long-tailed vulture (family Cathartidae) that has dark plumage, a whitish beak, white legs, and a bare red head (black in immature birds) that is covered with whitish bumps. The species subsists predominantly on carrion (dead and putrefying flesh), and

Van earthquake of 2011, severe earthquake that struck near the cities of Erciş and Van in eastern Turkey on October 23, 2011. More than 570 people were killed, and thousands of structures in Erciş, Van, and other nearby towns were destroyed. The earthquake was felt as far away as Jordan and

lionfish, (Pterois), any of several species of showy Indo-Pacific fishes of the scorpion fish family, Scorpaenidae (order Scorpaeniformes). Lionfish are noted for their venomous fin spines, which are capable of producing painful, though rarely fatal, puncture wounds. The fishes have enlarged

black fly, (family Simuliidae), any member of a family of about 1,800 species of small, humpbacked flies in the order Diptera. Black flies are usually black or dark gray, with gauzy wings, stout antennae and legs, and rather short mouthparts that are adapted for sucking blood. Only females bite and

Kansas: Statehood of Kansas: …full of hand-selected grains of Turkey Red wheat. This excellent strain was the basis of the abundant winter wheat crops that became an important part of the Kansas economy. Many of the Mennonites’ descendants remain as prosperous farmers.

popular art: Popular dance: Such exotic numbers as the turkey trot, the bunny hug, and the maxixe were influenced by the new music of jazz. The tango, purged of its more erotic elements, became acceptable to the clientele of the thé dansant (tea dance), and the Charleston epitomized the Jazz Age. When the quickstep…

turkey vulture, (Cathartes aura), long-winged long-tailed vulture (family Cathartidae) that has dark plumage, a whitish beak, white legs, and a bare red head (black in immature birds) that is covered with whitish bumps. The species subsists predominantly on carrion (dead and putrefying flesh), and

Turkey work, form of knotted embroidery practiced in England from the 16th century to the mid-18th century, but especially in the 17th century. Used for upholstery and table covers, it was worked in imitation of Turkish carpets, which are known from paintings to have been imported to England from

poison: Mycotoxins: The eruption of so-called turkey X disease in England in 1960 and the resulting discovery of the substance known as aflatoxin (see Table 4) stimulated study of the subject of mycotoxicology. Because mycotoxins have now been recognized as potential cancer-producing agents (carcinogens) that can become involved in man’s food…

national flag consisting of a red field (background) with a central white star and crescent. The flag has a width-to-length ratio of approximately 2 to 3.Various myths are associated with the symbolism of the red colour and the star and crescent, but none really explains their origins. Although the

Turkey: History of Turkey: This entry discusses the history of modern Turkey from its formation in the aftermath of the Ottoman defeat in World War I (1914–18) until the 21st century. For discussion of earlier history of the area, see Anatolia; Ottoman Empire.

Turkey, also called Türkiye, country that occupies a unique geographic position, lying partly in Asia and partly in Europe. Throughout its history it has acted as both a barrier and a bridge between the two continents. Turkey is situated at the crossroads of the Balkans, Caucasus, Middle East, and

castor oil: Turkey-red oil, long used as a dyeing aid, is produced by the reaction of castor oil with sulfuric acid.

bluestem: Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), often more than 2 metres (6.5 feet) tall, is the characteristic plant species of the North American tallgrass prairie. It is sometimes known as turkeyfoot, in reference to its forked flower cluster, and is a good hay and pasture plant. Sand…

history of Arabia: Resistance to the Ottomans: …second Saudi-Wahhābī kingdom began when Turkī, of a collateral Saudi branch, revolted and in 1824 captured Riyadh in Najd and made it his capital. He was succeeded by his son Fayṣal. By 1833 Wahhābī overlordship was generally recognized in the Persian Gulf, though the Egyptians remained in the Hejaz.

Turkic languages, group of closely related languages that form a family within the Altaic language group. The Turkic languages show close similarities to each other in phonology, morphology, and syntax, though Chuvash, Khalaj, and Sakha differ considerably from the rest. The earliest linguistic

Turkic peoples, any of various peoples whose members speak languages belonging to the Turkic family within the Altaic language group. They are historically and linguistically connected with the Tujue, the name given by the Chinese to the nomadic people who in the 6th century ce founded an empire

Turkish Angora cat, Breed of longhaired domestic cat that probably arose from a domesticated cat of Tatars who migrated to Turkey, where it is now regarded as a national treasure. It has a long body, fine bones, a pointed face, and a silky, medium-length coat. White is the most popular colour, but

Islamic arts: Architecture: …variants appear illustrating the little-known Turkish Baroque style. The latter, however, is more visible in ornamental details or in smaller buildings, especially the numerous fountains built in Istanbul in the 18th century. The sources of the Turkish Baroque are probably to be sought in the Baroque architecture of Vienna and…

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres: Late life and works of Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres: The multifigure Turkish Bath (1863), Ingres’s culminating achievement in the genre of the female nude, could not be more different. Featuring references to a number of the artist’s previous nudes, this picture offers a veritable inventory of the contortions and distortions to which he had subjected the…

Turkish bath, kind of bath that originated in the Middle East and combines exposure to warm air, then steam or hot-air immersion, massage, and finally a cold-water bath or shower. The Turkish bath typically requires movement from one room or chamber to the next. Separate wash rooms and soaking

rug and carpet: Turkey: After the 16th century, Turkish rugs either followed Persian designs—indeed, were possibly worked by immigrant Persians and Egyptians—or followed native traditions. The former, made on court looms, displayed exquisite cloud bands and feathery, tapering white leaves on grounds of pale rose relieved by blue and emerald green. Turkish patterns…

Turkish checkers, board game, variety of the game checkers (draughts) in which all 64 squares of the board are used. There are 16 men to a side, 8 each on the second and third rows to commence play. The men move to the sides or straight forward but not diagonally or backward. Captures are made by

Turkish delight, jellied confection with origins in the late 18th century. This soft jewel-like sugar treat became popular among the people of Turkey—who know it as lokum—about the turn of the 19th century. The confectioner Hacı Bekir Effendi, who arrived in Constantinople (now Istanbul) from

Paul Verhoeven: …love story Turks fruit (1973; Turkish Delight), starring Hauer and Monique van de Ven. Hugely and enduringly popular in the Netherlands, it received an Academy Award nomination for best foreign-language film. Keetje Tippel (1975; Katie Tippel) features van de Ven as a girl who is forced to turn to prostitution…

bass drum, percussion instrument, the largest and deepest-sounding member of the drum family, usually played with a pair of large felt-headed sticks, or beaters. In modern popular-music bands the bass drum is often part of a drum set and is commonly struck by a single pedal-operated stick. In

Cyprus: Efforts toward reunification: …proclaimed the Turkish-occupied area the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (a body calling itself the Provisional Cyprus-Turkish Administration had been in existence among Turkish Cypriots since 1967); Denktash announced that their purpose was not independence but federation. Talks were resumed in Vienna in 1975 and 1976 under UN auspices, and…

hazelnut: Nuts produced by the Turkish hazelnut (C. colurna) are sold commercially as Constantinople nuts. The former common name for the genus was hazel; various species were termed filbert, hazelnut, or cobnut, depending on the relative length of the nut to its husk, but this distinction was found to be…

Lucknow: The Rumi Darwaza, or Turkish Gate, was modeled (1784) on the Sublime Porte (Bab-i Hümayun) in Istanbul. The best-preserved monument is the Residency (1800), the scene of the defense by British troops during the Siege of Lucknow. A memorial commemorating the Indians who died during the uprising was erected…

hazelnut: Nuts produced by the Turkish hazelnut (C. colurna) are sold commercially as Constantinople nuts. The former common name for the genus was hazel; various species were termed filbert, hazelnut, or cobnut, depending on the relative length of the nut to its husk, but this distinction was found to be…

Ottoman Empire: Turkish nationalism: …Society (formed 1908) and the Turkish Hearth (formed 1912). A political twist was given by the adherents of Pan-Turkism and Pan-Turanianism. Pan-Turkism, which aimed at the political union of all Turkish-speaking peoples, began among Turks in Crimea and along the Volga River. Its leading exponent was Ismail

rug and carpet: Materials and technique: The Turkish, or symmetrical, knot is used mainly in Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Iran (formerly Persia), and Europe. This knot was also formerly known as the Ghiordes knot. The Persian, or asymmetrical, knot is used principally in Iran, India, China, and Egypt. This knot was formerly known as the…

Turkish language, the major member of the Turkic language family within the Altaic language group. Turkish is spoken in Turkey, Cyprus, and elsewhere in Europe and the Middle East. With Gagauz, Azerbaijani (sometimes called Azeri), Turkmen, and Khorāsān Turkic, it forms the southwestern, or Oğuz,

Turkish literature, the body of written works in the Turkish language. The Orhon inscriptions represent some of the earliest extant writing in Turkish. These inscriptions appear on two monuments built in the early 8th century ce in northern Mongolia. Other early Turkish writing includes poetry in

Janissary music, in a narrow sense, the music of the Turkish military establishment, particularly of the Janissaries, an elite corps of royal bodyguards (disbanded 1826); in a broad sense, a particular repertory of European music the military aspect of which derives from conscious imitation of the

Robert Bly: Bly dubbed the poems in Turkish Pears in August (2007) “ramages,” referencing rameau, the French word for branch; they each contain 85 syllables and focus on a certain vowel sound. Talking into the Ear of a Donkey (2011) consists of poems in a vast range of forms, including haiku and…

Mamluk: The Mamluk dynasty: …call the former the “Baḥrī” period and the latter the “Burjī,” because of the political dominance of the regiments known by these names during the respective times. The contemporary Muslim historians referred to the same divisions as the “Turkish” and “Circassian” periods, in order to call attention to the…

Calouste Gulbenkian: (later Iraq Petroleum Co.) and became the first to exploit Iraqi oil; his 5% share made him one of the world’s richest men. From 1948 he negotiated Saudi Arabian oil concessions to U.S. firms. He amassed an outstanding art collection of some 6,000 works, now in…

flag of Cyprus: …only recognized by Turkey), the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus adopted a flag of its own based on the Turkish model.

rug and carpet: Turkey: After the 16th century, Turkish rugs either followed Persian designs—indeed, were possibly worked by immigrant Persians and Egyptians—or followed native traditions. The former, made on court looms, displayed exquisite cloud bands and feathery, tapering white leaves on grounds of pale rose relieved by blue and emerald green. Turkish patterns…

Central Asian arts: Turkish literature: …and called by Thomsen “Turkish runes.” They relate in epic and forceful language the origins of the Turks, their golden age, their subjugation by the Chinese, and their liberation by Bilge Kagan. The polished style suggests considerable earlier development of the language. Excavations in Chinese Turkistan have brought to…

Ottoman Empire: Turkish nationalism: …by educational work of the Turkish Society (formed 1908) and the Turkish Hearth (formed 1912). A political twist was given by the adherents of Pan-Turkism and Pan-Turanianism. Pan-Turkism, which aimed at the political union of all Turkish-speaking peoples, began among Turks in Crimea and along the Volga River. Its leading

Georgius Agricola: Life: His youthful “Turkish Speech” of 1529, a vigorous call to the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand I to undertake a war against the Turks, was a patriotic hymn to Germany and a call to political and religious unity. It made a great impression on the public and was…

Turkey: …Dardanelles—are known collectively as the Turkish straits; Turkey’s control of the straits, the only outlet from the Black Sea, has been a major factor in its relations with other states. Most of the islands along the Aegean coast are Greek; only the islands of Gökçeada and Bozcaada remain in Turkish…

Turkish style, a fashion of furniture and decorative design based on Middle Eastern styles that flourished from the latter half of the 19th century until the late 1920s. It was favoured especially for the men’s smoking rooms once found in the homes of the wealthy, then for clubs, and finally, for

sweet gum: …or Turkish, sweet gum (L. orientalis). The Formosan gum (L. formosana), with three-lobed leaves, is widely grown as a garden tree in mild climates.

Islamic arts: Architecture in Iraq, Syria, and Anatolia: …the new pendentive known as Turkish triangle (a transformation of the curved space of the traditional pendentive into a fanlike set of long and narrow triangles built at an angle from each other) were all used by Anatolian builders, thereby initiating the great development of vault construction in Ottoman architecture…

Turkish Van cat, breed of semilonghaired domestic cat distinguished mainly by its unusual colour pattern: white, with coloured markings only on the head and tail. “Van” is a common term in the breed’s native region, Central and South Asia, and is also used to describe other cats with similar

Austria: Austria as a great power: …the Thirty Years’ War the Turkish front had been quiet, but in the 1660s a new war broke out with the Turks (1663–64) because of a conflict over Transylvania, where a successor had to be appointed for György II Rákóczi, who had been killed fighting against the Turks. The Turks…

Bulgaria: The Turkish yoke: The five centuries from 1396 to 1878, known as the era of the “Turkish yoke,” are traditionally seen as a period of darkness and suffering. Both national and ecclesiastical independence were lost. The Bulgarian nobility was destroyed—its members either perished, fled, or accepted…

Turkestan, city, southern Kazakhstan. It lies in the Syr Darya (ancient Jaxartes River) plain. Turkestan was an ancient centre of the caravan trade; it was known as Shavgar and later as Yasī. It became a religious centre called Khazret (Hazrat) because of the 12th-century Sufi (Muslim mystic) Ahmed

Turkistan, in Asian history, the regions of Central Asia lying between Siberia on the north; Tibet, India, Afghanistan, and Iran on the south; the Gobi (desert) on the east; and the Caspian Sea on the west. The term was intended to indicate the areas inhabited by Turkic peoples, but the regions

Turkistan Range, mountain range in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Branching off from the Alay Mountains, it extends for 200 miles (320 km) east-west between the Fergana and Zeravshan valleys. Its highest point is Piramidalny Peak (18,077 feet [5,510 m]). The range is composed mainly of

Turkey, also called Türkiye, country that occupies a unique geographic position, lying partly in Asia and partly in Europe. Throughout its history it has acted as both a barrier and a bridge between the two continents. Turkey is situated at the crossroads of the Balkans, Caucasus, Middle East, and

Turkish language, the major member of the Turkic language family within the Altaic language group. Turkish is spoken in Turkey, Cyprus, and elsewhere in Europe and the Middle East. With Gagauz, Azerbaijani (sometimes called Azeri), Turkmen, and Khorāsān Turkic, it forms the southwestern, or Oğuz,

The “Robotic Moment”: …field and an issue for all of us.

Turkmen, people who speak a language belonging to the southwestern branch of the Turkic languages. The majority live in Turkmenistan and in neighbouring parts of Central Asia and numbered more than 6 million at the beginning of the 21st century. About one-third of the total population lives in

Turkmenistan: Education: The Turkmen Academy of Sciences was founded in 1951 and directed from Moscow until the late 1980s. Education was provided tuition-free to students, and those selected for higher education received stipends from the republic’s budget. The academy was closed in 1998 and reopened in 2009, but…

rug and carpet: Turkistan: The Turkmen people emerged during the late first millennium as pastoral nomads in lands between powerful city-based states. Gradually they grew in power, and by the 19th century one tribe, the Tekke, had become dominant in the oases of Merv (now Mary) and Tedjend (now Tejen).…

Turkmen language, member of the Turkic language family within the Altaic language group. Turkmen is spoken in Turkmenistan, in parts of neighbouring Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, and, by fewer people, in Iran and Afghanistan. Turkmen belongs to the eastern group of the southwestern, or Oğuz, branch of

Turkmen literature, the body of written works produced by the Turkmen people of Central Asia. Reconstructing a literary history of the Turkmen is extremely difficult. They did not possess their own educational or literary institutions but instead lived at various times under the rule of the

Türkmenabat, city and administrative centre, Lebap oblast (province), Turkmenistan, on the Amu Darya (ancient Oxus River). The second largest city in Turkmenistan, it was founded as a Russian military settlement when the Transcaspian Railway reached the Amu Darya in 1886. It is now a rail junction

Turkmenbashi, port city, western Turkmenistan. The city was renamed in 1993 by Turkmenistan’s dictator-president, Saparmurad Niyazov, who patterned the new name after his own formal title of Turkmenbashi (“Head of the Turkmen”). The city lies on the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea, at the foot of

Saparmurad Niyazov was a Turkmen politician who ruled Turkmenistan for some 15 years. Niyazov’s rule, which began in 1991 when the former Soviet republic declared independence from the U.S.S.R., was marked by the promotion of an extensive personality cult. When Niyazov was still a youth, his

Caspian Sea: Shoreline features: …the low, hilly Cheleken and Türkmenbashi peninsulas. Just to the north, behind the east shore of the middle Caspian, is the Kara-Bogaz-Gol (Garabogazköl), formerly a shallow gulf of the Caspian but now a large lagoonlike embayment that is separated from the sea by a man-made embankment. For the most part,…

Turkmenbashi, port city, western Turkmenistan. The city was renamed in 1993 by Turkmenistan’s dictator-president, Saparmurad Niyazov, who patterned the new name after his own formal title of Turkmenbashi (“Head of the Turkmen”). The city lies on the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea, at the foot of

Azerbaijan: Russian suzerainty: …of Golestān (Gulistan; 1813) and Turkmenchay (Torkmānchāy; 1828) established a new border between the empires. Russia acquired Baku, Shirvan, Ganja, Nakhichevan (Naxçıvan), and Yerevan. Henceforth the Azerbaijani Turks of Caucasia were separated from the majority of their linguistic and religious compatriots, who remained in Iran. Azerbaijanis on both sides of…

Turkmenistan, landlocked country of Central Asia. It is the second largest state in Central Asia, after Kazakhstan, and is the southernmost of the region’s five republics. After Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan is the least densely populated of the Central Asian states. Much of its waterless expanse is

Turkmenistan, landlocked country of Central Asia. It is the second largest state in Central Asia, after Kazakhstan, and is the southernmost of the region’s five republics. After Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan is the least densely populated of the Central Asian states. Much of its waterless expanse is

national flag consisting of a green field (background) with a white crescent and five stars; near the hoist a claret (Bordeaux-red) stripe bears five carpet patterns and an olive wreath. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 1 to 2.The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, as the country was known under

Turkmenistan: History: It is possible to follow the development of human habitation in southern Turkmenistan from Paleolithic times to the present. Some of the earliest traces of agriculture in Central Asia were discovered some 20 miles (32 km) north…

Turkmenistan: Resources and power: …pipeline delivering natural gas from Turkmenistan to Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India (known by the acronym TAPI) began in 2018.

Turkmenistan: Presidency of Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov: …Rukhnama, students began reading Berdymukhammedov’s Turkmennama (“Story of the Turkmens”). In 2015 a golden statute of Berdymukhammedov was unveiled in central Ashgabat.

Turkmen, people who speak a language belonging to the southwestern branch of the Turkic languages. The majority live in Turkmenistan and in neighbouring parts of Central Asia and numbered more than 6 million at the beginning of the 21st century. About one-third of the total population lives in

Orlando Magic: The Magic added free-agent forwards Hedo Turkoglu and Rashard Lewis, and the team reached the second round of the playoffs in 2007–08. Behind the exceptional play of the star trio, the Magic once again advanced to the NBA Finals during the 2008–09 season, where it lost to the Lakers in…

Turkmen, people who speak a language belonging to the southwestern branch of the Turkic languages. The majority live in Turkmenistan and in neighbouring parts of Central Asia and numbered more than 6 million at the beginning of the 21st century. About one-third of the total population lives in

rug and carpet: Turkistan: The Turkmen people emerged during the late first millennium as pastoral nomads in lands between powerful city-based states. Gradually they grew in power, and by the 19th century one tribe, the Tekke, had become dominant in the oases of Merv (now Mary) and Tedjend (now Tejen).…