Turks and Caicos Islands, overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the West Indies. It consists of two groups of islands lying on the southeastern periphery of The Bahamas, of which they form a physical part, and north of the island of Hispaniola. The islands include eight large cays (keys) and

Cockburn Town: The Turks and Caicos National Museum is located near the waterfront in a historic building called Guinep House, a former private dwelling believed to date from the early 19th century. The museum displays items related to the islands’ history, cultural heritage, and natural history. It features…

Paul Verhoeven: …love story Turks fruit (1973; Turkish Delight), starring Hauer and Monique van de Ven. Hugely and enduringly popular in the Netherlands, it received an Academy Award nomination for best foreign-language film. Keetje Tippel (1975; Katie Tippel) features van de Ven as a girl who is forced to turn to prostitution…

Turks and Caicos Islands, overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the West Indies. It consists of two groups of islands lying on the southeastern periphery of The Bahamas, of which they form a physical part, and north of the island of Hispaniola. The islands include eight large cays (keys) and

Turku, city, southwestern Finland, at the mouth of the Aura River, west-northwest of Helsinki. Finland’s oldest city, it was originally a trading centre a few miles north of its present site, to which it was transferred at the beginning of the 13th century. It received its first known charter in

Erik Bryggman: …be the chapel of the Turku cemetery (1938–41), which, though in the functionalist idiom, makes a strong emotional appeal, particularly through the use of light entering the interior as an architectural element.

Dniester River, river of southwestern Ukraine and of Moldova, rising on the north side of the Carpathian Mountains and flowing south and east for 840 miles (1,352 km) to the Black Sea near Odesa. It is the second longest river in Ukraine and the main water artery of Moldova. The Dniester and its

Christy Turlington is an American fashion model best known as a face of the cosmetics company Maybelline and the Calvin Klein fashion house. Turlington appeared on more than 500 magazine covers and walked the runways for the world’s top fashion houses, including Chanel and Valentino. Turlington was

Christy Turlington is an American fashion model best known as a face of the cosmetics company Maybelline and the Calvin Klein fashion house. Turlington appeared on more than 500 magazine covers and walked the runways for the world’s top fashion houses, including Chanel and Valentino. Turlington was

Turloch O’Connor was the king of Connaught and from 1121 the most powerful Irish prince. In 1118 he divided Munster into two coequal kingdoms; in 1125 he deposed the king of Meath and appointed three kings in his stead; in 1126 he made his son Conchobar king of Dublin and Leinster; and in 1129 he

Turlock, city, Stanislaus county, central California, U.S. It lies in the San Joaquin Valley, 40 miles (65 km) southeast of Stockton. It was founded in 1871 by John Mitchell, a grain farmer. After the Central Pacific Railroad was extended through the valley in the 1870s, Turlock (from the Irish

Turloch O’Connor was the king of Connaught and from 1121 the most powerful Irish prince. In 1118 he divided Munster into two coequal kingdoms; in 1125 he deposed the king of Meath and appointed three kings in his stead; in 1126 he made his son Conchobar king of Dublin and Leinster; and in 1129 he

Christy Turlington is an American fashion model best known as a face of the cosmetics company Maybelline and the Calvin Klein fashion house. Turlington appeared on more than 500 magazine covers and walked the runways for the world’s top fashion houses, including Chanel and Valentino. Turlington was

Aventinus was a humanist and historian sometimes called the “Bavarian Herodotus.” A student at the universities of Ingolstadt, Vienna, Kraków, and Paris, Aventinus served as tutor (1509–17) to the younger brothers of Duke William IV of Bavaria, during which time he published a Latin grammar and a

New Democratic Party: Onetime union leader Nycole Turmel, his handpicked successor, served as interim leader until March 2012, when she was replaced by Thomas Mulcair, an MP from Quebec.

turmeric, (Curcuma longa), perennial herbaceous plant of the ginger family, the tuberous rhizomes (underground stems), of which have been used from antiquity as a condiment, a textile dye, and medically as an aromatic stimulant. Native to southern India and Indonesia, turmeric is widely cultivated

naval architecture: Steering and turning: Turning is involved when changing course; when maneuvering in formation with other ships, and when following a curved channel. However, the most important turning maneuver for any ship is to sheer off suddenly and to get clear of its original course when danger is unexpectedly…

Samuel Selvon: Its sequel, Turn Again Tiger (1958), follows the protagonist on a journey to his homeland. In this novel, which is perhaps his best, Selvon made extensive and striking use of dialect. The Lonely Londoners (1956) describes apparently naive immigrants living by their wits in a hostile city.…

avionics: include the altimeter, Machmeter, turn and slip indicator, and varied devices that show airspeed, vertical velocity, and angle of attack. Communications instruments include two-way radios allowing direct voice communication between the aircraft and the ground as well as other aircraft; these operate across a wide spectrum, ranging from high…

The Turn of the Screw, novella by Henry James, published serially in Collier’s Weekly in 1898 and published in book form later that year. One of the world’s most famous ghost stories, the tale is told mostly through the journal of a governess and depicts her struggle to save her two young charges

Idris Elba: The Suicide Squad and Hijack: …in the British TV series Turn Up Charlie (2019), which he cocreated. He then played the villain in the action movie Fast & Furious Presents: Hobbs & Shaw (2019), a spin-off from the long-running franchise. His other credits from 2019 included the family musical Cats, a film adaptation of Andrew…

Pete Seeger: Songwriting and activism: …Sweeter Than Wine,” and “Turn, Turn, Turn.” His The Incompleat Folksinger (1972) is a collection of his writings on the history of folk songs, civil rights, and performers in his lifetime.

Dawn Powell: …the publication of the novel Turn, Magic Wheel (1936), Powell mastered her sharp comical writing style that satirized the Greenwich Village literary café culture, the scene in which she herself was a permanent fixture along with writers John Dos Passos and E.E. Cummings and critic Edmund Wilson, among others. Turn,…

electronic strategy game: …types of electronic strategy games: turn-based strategy (TBS) and real-time strategy (RTS). Although some TBS games have experimented with multiplayer support, the slow pace of waiting for each player to finish managing all of his or her resources and units has limited their appeal. On the other hand, players expect…

puppetry: Styles of puppet theatre: …a theatre in Hollywood, the Turnabout Theatre, that combined human and puppet stages at opposite ends of the auditorium and attracted fashionable audiences for its songs and sketches from 1941 to 1956. Bil Baird ran a puppet theatre in Greenwich Village, New York City, for some years from 1967 and…

turnbuckle, mechanical device that connects the threaded ends of two rods and permits them to be adjusted for length or tension. The turnbuckle has two collinear holes, one of which has right-hand threads and the other left-hand threads that mate with the right- and left-hand threads on the ends of

Prussian blue: Turnbull’s blue, formed by the reaction of ferricyanides and ferrous salts, has the same chemical composition as the iron blues (MFe2[CN]6, in which M represents an ion such as sodium or potassium).

Herbert Westren Turnbull was an English mathematician who made contributions to algebraic invariant theory and to the history of mathematics. After serving as lecturer at St. Catharine’s College, Cambridge (1909), the University of Liverpool (1910), and the University of Hong Kong (1912), Turnbull

Malcolm Turnbull is an Australian politician who was MP for Wentworth (2004–18), leader of the Liberal Party of Australia (2008–09; 2015–18), and prime minister of Australia (2015–18). Turnbull’s parents separated when he was a child, and he was raised by his father in the suburbs of Sydney. He

Malcolm Turnbull is an Australian politician who was MP for Wentworth (2004–18), leader of the Liberal Party of Australia (2008–09; 2015–18), and prime minister of Australia (2015–18). Turnbull’s parents separated when he was a child, and he was raised by his father in the suburbs of Sydney. He

Julius Nyerere: …Nyerere and the British governor, Sir Richard Turnbull. Tanganyika finally gained responsible self-government in September 1960, and Nyerere became chief minister at this time. Tanganyika became independent on December 9, 1961, with Nyerere as its first prime minister. The next month, however, he resigned from this position to devote his…

gymnastics: Developments in Europe: The Turners (members of turnverein) remaining in Prussia went underground until the ban on gymnastics was lifted by King Frederick William IV in 1842.

Cathy Turner is an American short-track speed skater who came out of retirement to capture a gold medal at the sport’s Olympic debut in 1992. Known for her aggressive style of skating, she defended her title in 1994. Turner began speed skating as a child, specializing in the fast-paced short-track

WarnerMedia: Warner: …were sold in 1986 to Turner Broadcasting System, which in turn merged with Time Warner Inc. in 1996.) Television also presented new opportunities for Warner Brothers, where the hit series Maverick (1957) and 77 Sunset Strip (1958) were made. In 1967 Jack Warner sold his remaining stake in the company…

Television in the United States: The 1990s: the loss of shared experience: …old movies (American Movie Classics, Turner Classic Movies), home improvement and gardening (Home and Garden Television [HGTV]), comedy (Comedy Central), documentaries (Discovery Channel), animals (Animal Planet), and a host of other interests. The Golf Channel and the Game Show Network were perhaps the most emblematic of how far target programming…

The Turner Diaries, novel by William Luther Pierce (under the pseudonym Andrew Macdonald), published in 1978. An apocalyptic tale of genocide against racial minorities set in a near-future America, The Turner Diaries has been referred to as “the bible of the racist right,” a “handbook for white

Gulf of Tonkin incident: >Turner Joy. The Gulf of Tonkin incident led to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which allowed President Lyndon B. Johnson to greatly escalate U.S. military involvement in the war.

Ted Turner: Media empire: …news channel, and TNT (Turner Network Television; 1988). Through the Turner Broadcasting System, he also purchased the Atlanta Braves major league baseball team in 1976 and the Atlanta Hawks professional basketball team in 1977. In 1986 he bought the MGM/UA Entertainment Company, which included Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer’s library of more than…

Turner Prize, award given annually to a visual artist born in or based in Great Britain in recognition of an outstanding exhibition or other presentation of his or her work. It is considered the highest honor in the British art world. Named for English Romantic painter J.M.W. Turner, the prize was

Turner syndrome, relatively uncommon sex-chromosome disorder that causes aberrant sexual development in human females. Turner syndrome occurs when one sex chromosome is deleted, so that instead of the normal 46 chromosomes, of which two are sex chromosomes (XX in females and XY in males), the

Boston Mountains: Several peaks, including Turner Ward Knob and Brannon Mountain, exceed 2,400 feet (730 meters). The rugged mountains, 30 to 35 miles (50 to 55 km) wide with gorgelike valleys, embrace a division of the Ozark National Forest, Buffalo National River, and Devil’s Den State Park, Arkansas.

Turner syndrome, relatively uncommon sex-chromosome disorder that causes aberrant sexual development in human females. Turner syndrome occurs when one sex chromosome is deleted, so that instead of the normal 46 chromosomes, of which two are sex chromosomes (XX in females and XY in males), the

Annie Turner Wittenmyer was an American relief worker and reformer who helped supply medical aid and dietary assistance to army hospitals during the Civil War and was subsequently an influential organizer in the temperance movement. Wittenmyer and her husband settled in Keokuk, Iowa, in 1850. At

Big Joe Turner was an American blues singer, or “shouter,” whose music included jazz, rhythm and blues, and boogie-woogie. He has been credited as a progenitor of jump blues and of early rock and roll. Singing in his youth in church choirs and informally for tips, Turner drew attention as a singing

Seattle Slew: Breeding and early years: …Maryland to be trained by Billy Turner.

construction: The invention of reinforced concrete: …Minneapolis, Minnesota, the American engineer C.A.P. Turner employed concrete floor slabs without beams (called flat slabs or flat plates) that used diagonal and orthogonal patterns of reinforcing bars. The system still used today—which divides the bays between columns into column strips and middle strips and uses only an orthogonal arrangement…

Cathy Turner is an American short-track speed skater who came out of retirement to capture a gold medal at the sport’s Olympic debut in 1992. Known for her aggressive style of skating, she defended her title in 1994. Turner began speed skating as a child, specializing in the fast-paced short-track

Cathy Turner is an American short-track speed skater who came out of retirement to capture a gold medal at the sport’s Olympic debut in 1992. Known for her aggressive style of skating, she defended her title in 1994. Turner began speed skating as a child, specializing in the fast-paced short-track

Charles Henry Turner was an American behavioral scientist and early pioneer in the field of insect behaviour. He is best known for his work showing that social insects can modify their behaviour as a result of experience. Turner is also well known for his commitment to civil rights and for his

Ethel Turner was an Australian novelist and writer for children, whose popular novel Seven Little Australians (1894) was filmed (1939), twice dramatized for television, once in Great Britain (1953) and once in Australia (1973), and made into a musical (1978). Turner’s parents immigrated with her to

Ethel Turner was an Australian novelist and writer for children, whose popular novel Seven Little Australians (1894) was filmed (1939), twice dramatized for television, once in Great Britain (1953) and once in Australia (1973), and made into a musical (1978). Turner’s parents immigrated with her to

Frederick Jackson Turner was an American historian best known for the “frontier thesis.” The single most influential interpretation of the American past, it proposed that the distinctiveness of the United States was attributable to its long history of “westering.” Despite the fame of this

dating: Potassium–argon methods: Merrihue and English geochronologist Grenville Turner in 1966. In this technique, known as the argon-40–argon-39 method, both parent and daughter can be determined in the mass spectrometer as some of the potassium atoms in the sample are first converted to argon-39 in a nuclear reactor. In this way, the…

African Methodist Episcopal Church: … itself through the work of Bishop Henry Turner, who visited Liberia and Sierra Leone in 1891 and South Africa in 1896.

Herbert Hall Turner was an English astronomer who pioneered many of the procedures now universally employed in determining stellar positions from astronomical photographs. In 1884 Turner was appointed chief assistant at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and in 1893 he became Savilian professor of

Ike Turner was an American rhythm-and-blues and soul performer and producer who was best known for his work with Tina Turner. Ike Turner began playing piano as a child and by the late 1940s had played with a number of the leading blues musicians in the Mississippi Delta region. While in high school

Ike Turner was an American rhythm-and-blues and soul performer and producer who was best known for his work with Tina Turner. Ike Turner began playing piano as a child and by the late 1940s had played with a number of the leading blues musicians in the Mississippi Delta region. While in high school

J.M.W. Turner was an English Romantic landscape painter whose expressionistic studies of light, color, and atmosphere were unmatched in their range and sublimity. Turner was the son of a barber. At age 10 he was sent to live with an uncle at Brentford, Middlesex, where he attended school. Several

Northern Exposure: …bush pilot Maggie O’Connell (Janine Turner), Fleischman’s hot-cold love interest; radio disc jockey Chris Stevens (John Corbett), whose on-air monologues were both folksy and philosophical; Holling Vincoeur (John Cullum), the lively elderly tavern owner married to the decades-younger former beauty queen and waitress Shelly (Cynthia Geary); and Fleischman’s taciturn…

Big Joe Turner was an American blues singer, or “shouter,” whose music included jazz, rhythm and blues, and boogie-woogie. He has been credited as a progenitor of jump blues and of early rock and roll. Singing in his youth in church choirs and informally for tips, Turner drew attention as a singing

Henri Tajfel: Social identity and intergroup relations: Tajfel and his student John Turner developed social identity theory in the 1970s. Among the key ideas of social identity theory are the following:

John Napier Turner was a Canadian lawyer and politician who in June 1984 succeeded Pierre Elliott Trudeau as head of the Liberal Party and prime minister of Canada. In general elections of September of the same year, his party was routed by the Progressive Conservatives under Brian Mulroney.

J.M.W. Turner was an English Romantic landscape painter whose expressionistic studies of light, color, and atmosphere were unmatched in their range and sublimity. Turner was the son of a barber. At age 10 he was sent to live with an uncle at Brentford, Middlesex, where he attended school. Several

Big Joe Turner was an American blues singer, or “shouter,” whose music included jazz, rhythm and blues, and boogie-woogie. He has been credited as a progenitor of jump blues and of early rock and roll. Singing in his youth in church choirs and informally for tips, Turner drew attention as a singing

Lana Turner was an American film actress known for her glamorous looks and sexual allure. Though her skill as an actress was limited, Turner excelled in roles that highlighted her sexuality and working-class roots. She enjoyed her greatest popularity in the 1940s and ’50s, often playing the part of

Kathleen Turner is an American actress who possessed a deep, sultry voice that helped earn her roles that combined seductiveness and menace. The daughter of a diplomat, Turner lived in numerous foreign countries during her childhood and early adolescence. She attended Southwest Missouri State

Lana Turner was an American film actress known for her glamorous looks and sexual allure. Though her skill as an actress was limited, Turner excelled in roles that highlighted her sexuality and working-class roots. She enjoyed her greatest popularity in the 1940s and ’50s, often playing the part of

Marian McPartland was an English-born American jazz musician and radio personality, best known in the United States for her National Public Radio program Piano Jazz. McPartland began playing the piano when she was three years old. She attended private schools and studied classical music at the

Atlanta Falcons: …and newly acquired running back Michael Turner, the Falcons qualified for the playoffs by adding seven wins to the previous year’s total to compile an 11–5 record.

Nat Turner was an enslaved Black American who led the only effective, sustained slave rebellion (August 1831) in U.S. history. Spreading terror throughout the white South, his action set off a new wave of oppressive legislation prohibiting the education, movement, and assembly of enslaved people

Ralph E. Turner was an American cultural historian, professor at Yale from 1944 to 1961, and, as an American delegate to an educators’ conference in London (1944), one of the planners of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). In his historical research he

social movement: Types of social movements: Turner argued that it is useful at times to categorize social movements on the basis of their public definition, the character of the opposition evoked, and the means of action available to the movement. This scheme is designed to eliminate the subjective evaluation of goals…

Ted Turner is an American broadcasting entrepreneur, philanthropist, sportsman, and environmentalist who founded a media empire that included several television channels that he created, notably CNN. (Read Ted Turner’s Britannica entry on the U.N. Foundation.) Turner grew up in an affluent family;

bicycle: From boneshakers to bicycles: …Britain began in 1868, when Rowley B. Turner took a Michaux bicycle to Britain and showed it to his uncle, Josiah Turner, manager of the Coventry Sewing Machine Company. Rowley Turner ordered 400 machines, which were slated to be sold in Britain and France. Although the French sales were ultimately…

the Platters: June 4, 2012), and Sonny Turner (b. 1939, Fairmont, West Virginia, U.S.).

Game of Thrones: Premise and plot: …(Richard Madden) and Sansa (Sophie Turner), while the younger children Arya (Maisie Williams) and Bran (Isaac Hempstead Wright) find themselves on their own terrifying adventures. Jon Snow (Kit Harington), raised as a bastard member of the Stark family, serves in the Night’s Watch, a military organization that defends the…

Ted Turner is an American broadcasting entrepreneur, philanthropist, sportsman, and environmentalist who founded a media empire that included several television channels that he created, notably CNN. (Read Ted Turner’s Britannica entry on the U.N. Foundation.) Turner grew up in an affluent family;

Caughley ware: …was extended in 1772 by Thomas Turner to make soaprock (steatitic) porcelain; a close connection existed with the Worcester porcelain factory, and from there Robert Hancock, the pioneer engraver of copper plates for transfer printing, joined Turner in 1775.

Tina Turner was an American-born singer who found success in the rhythm-and-blues, soul, and rock genres in a career that spanned five decades. Turner was born into a sharecropping family in rural Tennessee. She began singing as a teenager and, after moving to St. Louis, Missouri, immersed herself

rite of passage: Victor Turner and anti-structure: From the 1960s through the early 1980s, the classic structural functionalist view of rites of passage was challenged and revised. The charge was led by the British anthropologist Victor Turner, who acknowledged the contribution of structural functionalism to the study of…

ironstone china: …was achieved in 1800 by William Turner of the Lane End potteries at Longton, Staffordshire. In 1805 Turner sold his patent to Josiah Spode the Second, Stoke-upon-Trent, who called his bluish gray ceramic products stone china and new stone. A patent was granted to Charles James Mason, Lane Delph, in…

William Turner was an English naturalist, botanist, and theologian known as the “father of English botany.” His A New Herball was the first English herbal to include original material. Turner studied at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. His dissatisfaction with derivative herbals led him to write Libellus

Lusitania: The ship’s captain, William Thomas Turner, chose to ignore these recommendations, and on the afternoon of May 7 the vessel was attacked. A torpedo struck and exploded amidships on the starboard side, and a heavier explosion followed, possibly caused by damage to the ship’s steam engines and pipes.…

Malpighiales: Turneraceae: Members of Turneraceae, a family of 10 genera and 205 species, are found in the tropical and subtropical parts of the Americas, Africa, Madagascar, and the Mascarene Islands. Turnera (122 species) and Piriqueta (44 species) are both found in the Neotropics and Africa. Members…

furniture industry: History: Turnery became a separate trade, while the cabinetmaker assembled the turned parts; veneer and marquetry cutting was not done by the cabinetmaker although he laid both; carving too called for the skill and experience and tools of a craftsman who did nothing else. Another specialist,…

gymnastics: Developments in Europe: …first German gymnastic festival (Turnfest) was held in Coburg in 1860. The festival attracted affiliated turnverein clubs and marked the beginning of international competition, as the growing family of Turners outside Germany were invited to participate. Americans had been introduced to gymnastics by followers of Jahn in the late…

Namibia: Independence: …main opposition party, the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (heir to South Africa’s puppet government efforts and beneficiary of considerable South African funds for campaign financing), held almost one-third of the seats in the legislature but was neither particularly constructive nor totally obstructive. In the 1994 national elections, SWAPO consolidated its hold…

Jean-François Vonck: …insurgents won a victory at Turnhout and gained control of the Austrian Netherlands. Vonck and van der Noot returned to Brussels in December 1789 to form a new but short-lived government, the United Belgian States. Van der Noot then exploited clerical opposition to Vonck’s democratic views to force him into…

hemipode, (Greek: “half foot”), generally any bird of the suborder Turnices (order Gruiformes), which includes the plains wanderer (q.v.; family Pedionomidae), the button quail, and the lark quail (family Turnicidae), but especially Turnix species, such as the Andalusian hemipode, or striped button

button quail, any of numerous small, round-bodied birds belonging to the family Turnicidae of the order Gruiformes. The 15 species are confined to scrubby grasslands in warm regions of the Old World. Button quail are dull-coloured birds, 13 to 19 centimetres (5 to 7 inches) long, that run crouching

pottery: Drying, turning, and firing: Turning is the process of finishing the greenware (unfired ware) after it has dried to leather hardness. The technique is used to smooth and finish footrings on wheel-thrown wares or undercut places on molded or jiggered pieces. It is usually done on the potter’s wheel…

furniture industry: History: Turnery became a separate trade, while the cabinetmaker assembled the turned parts; veneer and marquetry cutting was not done by the cabinetmaker although he laid both; carving too called for the skill and experience and tools of a craftsman who did nothing else. Another specialist,…

naval architecture: Steering and turning: Turning is involved when changing course; when maneuvering in formation with other ships, and when following a curved channel. However, the most important turning maneuver for any ship is to sheer off suddenly and to get clear of its original course when danger is unexpectedly…

Colin Thubron: The allegorical 1991 novel Turning Back the Sun has been compared to the novels of Graham Greene. Other fictional works by Thubron included Emperor (1978), Distance (1996), To the Last City (2002), and Night of Fire (2016). In 2006 he was made a Commander of the Order of the…

machine tool: Turning machines: The engine lathe, as the horizontal metal-turning machine is commonly called, is the most important of all the machine tools. It is usually considered the father of all other machine tools because many of its fundamental mechanical elements are incorporated into the design of…

Anne Bancroft: …as a ballet dancer in The Turning Point (1977), and as a mother superior in Agnes of God (1985). Other notable film credits included The Slender Thread (1965), Young Winston (1972), The Elephant Man (1980), ’Night, Mother (1986), and 84 Charing Cross Road

Sandra Oh: …the Last Dragon (2021), and Turning Red (2022).

Stuart Cloete: His first novel, Turning Wheels (1937), expressed a negative view of Boer life and dealt with interracial love affairs. It stimulated much discussion, being published during the centennial celebration of the Great Trek. His later works included Rags of Glory (1963) and The Abductors (1966). He also wrote…

turnip, (Brassica rapa, variety rapa), hardy biennial plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae), cultivated for its fleshy roots and tender growing tops. The turnip is thought to have originated in middle and eastern Asia and is grown throughout the temperate zone. Young turnip roots are eaten raw

German Empire: The political crisis of 1916–17: …remembered in Germany as the Steckrübenwinter (“turnip winter”). Ludendorff had taken over a difficult strategic situation and had to conduct a defensive war, with dispiriting results, throughout 1917. The first Russian revolution (March 1917) encouraged left-wing feeling in Germany, and on April 7 Bethmann once more promised a democratic reform…