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Capital Execution at the Place de la Revolution between August 1793 and June 1794, oil on canvas by Pierre Antoine De Machy (Demachy), Musee Carnavalet, Paris, France. 37 x 53.5 cm. (Reign of Terror, hanging, guillotine execution, French Revolution)

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Portrait of Marie Antoinette by Jean-Francois Janinet, 1777. Color etching and engraving with gold leaf printed on two sheets, 30x13.5 in.

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Battle of Fleurus (June 16, 1794), the most significant battle in the First Coalition phase of the French Revolutionary Wars; by Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse, 19th century.

What Led to France’s Reign of Terror?

Groups of depositors in front of the closed American Union Bank, New York City. April 26, 1932. Great Depression run on bank crowd

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The Colosseum, Rome, Italy. Giant amphitheatre built in Rome under the Flavian emperors. (ancient architecture; architectural ruins)

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Statue of Liberty in front of the skyline of Manhattan, New York City, New York.

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French Revolution Timeline

Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

February 1787

Charles-Alexandre de Calonne, France’s controller general of finances, assembles nobles and representatives of the bourgeoisie to discuss the country’s budget deficit. Calonne suggests taxing the privileged classes, but the assembly refuses to take responsibility for that reform. Instead, the assembly suggests convening the Estates-General, which has not met since 1614.

May 5, 1789

The Estates-General, composed of representatives from the First Estate (clergy), Second Estate (nobility), and Third Estate (the lower classes), meet at Versailles. They are immediately divided over the issue of whether to count by head or to give each estate equal votes.

June 17, 1789

The dispute over votes in the Estates-General leads deputies of the Third Estate to declare themselves the National Assembly. Along with some members of the clergy, they threaten to proceed without the other two estates.

June 20, 1789

Tennis Court OathThe Tennis Court Oath, an ink drawing done by Jacques-Louis David in 1791, is housed in the Louvre Museum, Paris.
© Art Media—Print Collector/Getty Images

Royal officials lock the National Assembly out of their regular meeting hall; members of the assembly occupy the king’s indoor tennis court. They take what comes to be known as the Tennis Court Oath, promising not to disperse until they give France a new constitution.

July 9, 1789

King Louis XVI relents and urges the other two estates to join the assembly, which takes the official title of National Constituent Assembly. The king, however, begins to gather troops with the intention of dispersing the body.

July 14, 1789

storming of the BastilleThe storming of the Bastille prison on July 14, 1789, was one of the opening events of the French Revolution.
© Everett-Art/Shutterstock.com

Amid the Great Fear of July 1789, when Parisians were panicked about the possibility of the aristocracy overthrowing the Third Estate, a large crowd seizes the Bastille prison, which is a symbol of royal tyranny.

August 26–October 6, 1789

The National Constituent Assembly introduces the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, a document that shares Enlightenment influences with the Declaration of Independence. The king refuses to sanction it, resulting in Parisians marching to Versailles and forcing the royal family back to Paris.

April 20, 1792

France declares war on Austria. For the next seven years, the hostilities known as the French Revolutionary wars continue between France and various European powers.

September 20-21, 1792

A new assembly, the National Convention, meets, abolishes the monarchy, and establishes a republic.

January 21, 1793

Louis XVI, judged by the convention, is executed for treason.

October 16, 1793

The controversial life and death of Marie-AntoinetteOverview of Marie-Antoinette's life.
Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz

During the Reign of Terror, a period during which radical elements of the government enact harsh measures against those they consider enemies, Marie-Antoinette is executed by guillotine. The Reign of Terror is overseen by Maximilien Robespierre.

July 27–28, 1794

arrest of Maximilien RobespierreMaximilien Robespierre is arrested on July 27, 1794.
Cci/Shutterstock.com

Robespierre is overthrown in the National Convention. He is executed the next day, signaling the end of the Reign of Terror. Soon after, the National Convention is dissolved, making way for a government consisting of a five-person Directory and a bicameral legislature.

November 9, 1799

Military leader Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows the Directory and declares himself first consul, or leader, of France. He is later named emperor.

French Revolution: storming of the Bastille

French Revolution Key Facts

French Revolution | Key Facts

Causes and Effects of the French Revolution

French Revolution | Causes & Effects