cross-linkage

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  In protein: Collagen

  …acid or with chromium salts, cross links form between the collagen fibers, and it becomes insoluble; the conversion of hide into leather is based on this tanning process. The tanned material is insoluble in hot water and cannot be converted to gelatin. On exposure to water at 62° to 63°…

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  In chemistry of industrial polymers: Polymerization of dienes

  …polymers by a process called cross-linking or vulcanization. The most common method of cross-linking is by addition of sulfur to the hot polymer, a process discovered by the American Charles Goodyear in 1839. The relatively small number of cross-links imparts elastic properties to the polymer; that is, the molecules can…

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  In rubber: The cure package

  …the cure package, that cause interlinking reactions to take place when the mix is “cured.” In order to minimize the risk of premature cure, they are usually added at the end of mixing. The cure package usually consists of sulfur and one or more “accelerators” (e.g., sulfenamides, thiurams, or thiazoles),…

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  In elastomer: Vulcanization

  …referred to as cross-linking or interlinking, because this is the essential chemical reaction.

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  In materials science: Elastomers

  …are typically amorphous with low cross-link density (although linear polyurethane block copolymers are an important exception). This gives them low to moderate modulus and tensile properties as well as high elasticity. For example, elastomeric devices can be extended by 100 to 1,000 percent of their initial dimensions without causing any…

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  In radiation: Surface effects

  …intermolecular bonding, a process called cross-linking. The entire polymeric coating, typically on the order of tenths of millimetres thick (depending on the application), becomes so highly cross-linked as to take on the character of a single giant molecule. The major effects of ultraviolet irradiation of polymers include reduction of friction,…

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  In surface coating: Cross-linking film formation

  Some of the highest-performance coatings films are based totally on the reacting of polymer precursors to build up a three-dimensionally cross-linked network. This is at once both a very old and a very new technology. During the Middle Ages drying oils were…

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…due to the formation of cross-links between or within the molecules of collagen (a fibrous protein) that give elasticity to these tissues. The “cross-linking” theory of aging assumes that similar cross-links form in other biologically important molecules, such as enzymes. These cross-links could alter the structure and shape of the…

…increasing age, the number of cross-linkages within and between collagen molecules increases, leading to crystallinity and rigidity, which are reflected in a general body stiffness. There is also a decrease in the relative amount of a mucopolysaccharide (i.e., the combination of a protein and a carbohydrate) ground substance; a measure…